House

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House in North Rhine-Westphalia

House is a word that has developed different levels of meaning:

etymology

The concept of “house” has a very long history with a number of changes in meaning: It not only stands for a physical building, but also for the historically changing order of a social group , i. H. a figuration . Both meanings can therefore only be distinguished from one another to a very limited extent - similar to the analogous ancient conceptual concepts oikos ( Greek antiquity ) and domus ( Roman antiquity ).

The proto-Germanic * husa-, in Old High German hûs means "covering". It is rooted in a very old form of the Indo-European basic meaning * kuH- or * kudh-to for "covering", the root of which is traced back to * keudh . The original connection is related to leather or skin as a cover for tent-like scaffolding, which was common as accommodation in Paleolithic Europe (e.g. in the Gönnersdorf settlement ). It could therefore also be a pre-Indo-European term whose exact path to the * husa still raises a few questions. You can find it u. a. also in the Sami Kote ( North Sami goahti or Lulesamisch gåetie ), which in turn is close to the German and Swedish term Kate . In the further Indo-European development it is assigned to the s-tribe, so that from it the Sanskr. Sku “cover”, the Greek σκευη skeu “leather clothing , leather armor ”, σκυτος skytos “ skin , leather ” or Latin scûtum the originally leather-covered “shield” and covers of straw and haystacks in turn led to the term barn . In a similarly winding way, it came back into the German language as a cowl via a medieval piece of clothing called a cotte . The German ending "s" is interpreted as "the remainder of a suffix suggesting means or tools ", and hûs is therefore close to the Old High German hût , which differentiates itself into the words hut , (ob-) hat / hüten , and skin , and well also underlies the hat . This meaning is also preserved in the housing .

In the following, the word increasingly denotes not only “building” but also “ dwelling place ” (cf. hausen “living”), “apartment” in the sense of chambers , or “ housekeeping ” and the “goods of the house” ( household items ) as well as the household , so the " marriage " and the " family ".

The term consequently extends to:

  • the traditional place of residence (in “being at home”, “coming home”, “home”) as early as the 6th century, a sense of the word that came close to the term home in the 17th century . That already corresponds to the roughly same old -heim in place names.
  • the (permanent) residence ("home", "at home") as early as the 9th century
  • the castle around the 12th century
  • the lord's family, the noble family
  • other special public buildings and their staff: Deputy assemblies ( upper house , lower house , high house ) , guild house, etc. a. or just the people in it: a house for the “theater audience ” or in a trading house
  • as well as Gothic . gudhûs “house of God” as a translation of the Latin templum “holy district”, replacing the Roman concept of household gods (see Penates )

Middle High German is widespread exclusively hûs in the neuter gender , plur. hûs and hiuser , New High German diphthongs the long “û” in Bavarian zu haus , hauß , from where it finds its way into the high-level language, while Dutch forms huys, huis , English house , the Scandinavian languages hus . In High German it is also apocopied (loss of the Middle High German noun ending "-e"), but a remnant has been retained in "zuwohn", "im Haus". This corresponds to the old locative ending, which coincides with the dative in German and does not seem antiquated even today with certain fixed expressions (cf. “in the state, in the picture, basically, in the course”).

A traditional Kurdish stone house.

As an independent term, house is mainly used for buildings with a residential function: "House is a building that people use to live , as accommodation and occupation ." Colloquially, the word is used synonymously with building  - without context of use (as in high-rise ) . In German, house is linked with different terms to designate different types of buildings or the intended use, for example residential house , farmhouse , parking garage , town hall , department store , hospital , orphanage , office building , elephant house , tree house , garden house, etc.

Name customer

Places with the name ending -haus / e / n are typical for the establishment of settlements in the course of the Franconian conquest , which took place in the late 5th to 7th centuries, and the subsequent expansion of the Franconian Empire to Bavaria, and later Austria and Saxony up to the 9th century where they are much rarer. Names of this kind can also be found in much later language classes.

The name is common throughout the German-speaking area and can also be found in Dutch and Norwegian.

Name variants:

  • House
  • Hausen / -hausen - may be old and go back to the 5th or 6th centuries, but productive until modern times
  • Hus (e / n) or -hus (e / n) , mostly old, they did not participate in the New High German diphthongization "u" → "au", and are common in Alemannic and Low German , rarely secondary education in dialect
  • Häus (e) l (s) or as a suffix, in the Upper German (eg in Neuhäus (e) l ) - usually a form less advanced age, they are also primarily to house and houses not in the modern sense, in the Franconian-Bavarian village context such as family names on -häusler show
  • - house , engl. , - house (n) , French , often also for Francophone use of formerly German place names in the language border area
  • huis , huys , nld.

Equivalents

House as a building: living and working

"Hanging houses" in the Spanish province of Cuenca

In terms of naming issues, the term is always based on the meaning of "solid building", as opposed to temporary and "windy" buildings. In Section 297 of the General Civil Code 1812 :

"Immovable things also include those
which are listed on the ground with the intention that they should
always remain on it, as: houses and other buildings ..."

In particular, this expresses itself in the medieval turn to the right house and smoke for the heatable building, thus preserved in two senses:

  • In the hammer house of a scythe factory , power house (industry), house as the day building of a mine , brewhouse of a salt works, in the rural architecture baking house for the "free-standing oven ", bath house for the medieval sauna of the farmer (which later by decree in the brechel bath for the Flax cultivation is converted)
  • in "house" for the vestibule, corridor , which goes back to the fact that before the development of the chimney ( smoke house ), but also when the chimney was present, the central fireplace of the house was located in the entrance area, and the rooms were only sheds that were separated from it. The fixed construction of the inner walls (" room " to the carpentry of the log house ) developed later, and in this construction only the fireplace and chimney are "firmly" built in stone. Even in the brick house, the oven or tiled stove on the room side is initially heated from the hallway. Today the expressions house and hearth or transferred home and hearth stand for it .

Houses differ according to their house type (e.g. row house , high-rise building , apartment building , single-family house ) and often also according to their energy standard (e.g. passive house , low-energy house ).

House as a social group

In the pre-modern era and in some cases to this day, the word house denotes not only the building but also the social group or figuration of the people who live and work together in it. In the Middle Ages and up to the early modern period , the house was the central institution of social order - with the householder as muntlord on the basis of the paternal munt or munt violence over wife, children and servants .

House as a model of interpretation and order: legal, institutional, communicative

The word house , originally “protection” (like housing), then “dwelling place” (in hausen), today “residential building” is already common as a legal term in the early days of literature . The society living in the house (Greek oikia) can - according to Aristotle - also be understood as an old European family model.

The domestic authority is a global common concept that the legal jurisdiction (the house violence ) through its ownership and possession are entitled to the home side, in distinction to municipal law . Domestic rights include domestic jurisdiction and umbrella power (the right to defense). It is already anchored in Roman law and is also supported by Germanic law in the German legal conception.

  • From the high Middle Ages, when the term house passed to the nobility, it was preserved as house law , that is, legal acts that concern the household (the family, the house ) and the territorial property not borrowed (the house power ).
  • When moving to public buildings, the concept goes over to the house rules (rules, relating to the house)
  • The peace of the house (inviolability), similar to the historical garden peace as a particularly valuable asset, is a basic right today
  • The house peace (freedom from interference)
  • The right to be banned from entering the house (the right to "show the door")
“Domiciliary rights” in the colloquial sense as the privilege of feeling “at home” with someone else goes back to this.

From the 12th century onwards, at the latest from the 15th century onwards, house and courtyard is also known in the legal sense as "residential building and state property", so it is not a Hendiadyoin (description with the same name), but an alliterating phrase. So found in 1227:

"Sal sweren, dat he sines huses noch houes not ne wete"

"[He] should swear that he will not enter his house or yard"

Around the end of the 14th century it is said:

“Im an eigen and an hofen… with… eigen, do he means acker and huz; we are called our own legend; domete daz he speaks hofen, he means steende his own, alzo husere "

"'To him on his own and on farms' - by 'own' he means 'field and house', we call that lying property , if he says 'farms', he means standing goods , so 'houses'"

In the history of language, "house" and "yard" exchange their meaning in relation to the property : Here huz still stands for property , the earlier term yard , " field and yard" for land , (building) property and parcel , and hofen, house for today's house as a building . While originally the “courtyard” referred to the dwelling as a concept, the house only the specific structural measures, today the house is the abstraction (“home”) and the courtyard is only a subordinate structural space (inner courtyard, forecourt).

Further standing expressions are:

literature

Web links

Commons : Houses  - Collection of pictures, videos and audio files
Wikiquote: House  Quotes
Wiktionary: House  - explanations of meanings, word origins, synonyms, translations

Individual evidence

  1. ^ Inken Schmidt-Voges: The house in the premodern. In: Joachim Eibach, Inken Schmidt-Voges (Hrsg.): The house in the history of Europe. A manual. Berlin 2015, pp. 1–18.
  2. ↑ a b c d e house, n. Domus. In: Jacob Grimm , Wilhelm Grimm (Hrsg.): German dictionary . tape 10 : H, I, J - (IV, 2nd division). S. Hirzel, Leipzig 1877, Sp. 640–651 ( woerterbuchnetz.de ).
  3. ^ Désirée Waterstradt: Process-Sociology of Parenthood. Nation-building, figurative ideals and generative power architecture in Germany. Münster 2016.
  4. ^ Andreas Gestrich , Jens-Uwe Krause , Michael Mitterauer : History of the family (= Kröner's pocket edition . Volume 376). Kröner, Stuttgart 2003, ISBN 3-520-37601-6 .
  5. ↑ Joachim Eibach, Inken Schmidt-Voges (ed.): The house in the history of Europe. A manual. Berlin 2015.
  6. ↑ Guus Kroonen: Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic. (= Leiden Indo-European etymological dictionary series. 11). Brill, Leiden 2013, ISBN 978-90-04-18340-7 , p. 260.
  7. ↑ Duden Etymology - Dictionary of Origin of the German Language. 2nd Edition. Dudenverlag, 1989.
  8. ↑ hat, m. pileus. In: Jacob Grimm , Wilhelm Grimm (Hrsg.): German dictionary . tape 10 : H, I, J - (IV, 2nd division). S. Hirzel, Leipzig 1877, Sp. 1978 ( woerterbuchnetz.de ).
  9. ↑ DRW: 1 house. V. House community. catch at home, come: get married
  10. ↑ a b HÛS, stn. House flat. In: Georg Friedrich Benecke, Wilhelm Müller, Friedrich Zarncke: Middle High German Dictionary. Leipzig 1854–1866. (Reprint: S. Hirzel, Stuttgart 1990 woerterbuchnetz.de ).
  11. ↑ a b DRW: 1 house. I3f as a place of security and peace.
  12. ↑ a b House II, meaning 7). In: Jacob Grimm , Wilhelm Grimm (Hrsg.): German dictionary . tape 10 : H, I, J - (IV, 2nd division). S. Hirzel, Leipzig 1877, Sp. 649 ( woerterbuchnetz.de ).
  13. ↑ DRW: 1 house. III (permanent) residence.
  14. ↑ House II, meaning 5). In: Jacob Grimm , Wilhelm Grimm (Hrsg.): German dictionary . tape 10 : H, I, J - (IV, 2nd division). S. Hirzel, Leipzig 1877, Sp. 645 ( woerterbuchnetz.de ).
  15. ↑ DRW: 1 house. I2c a castle as a permanent house.
  16. ↑ House II, meaning 9) c). In: Jacob Grimm , Wilhelm Grimm (Hrsg.): German dictionary . tape 10 : H, I, J - (IV, 2nd division). S. Hirzel, Leipzig 1877, Sp. 650 ( woerterbuchnetz.de ).
  17. ↑ a b DRW: 1 house. VI Housekeeping, Housekeeping, House Assets.
  18. ↑ House II, meaning 2) d). In: Jacob Grimm , Wilhelm Grimm (Hrsg.): German dictionary . tape 10 : H, I, J - (IV, 2nd division). S. Hirzel, Leipzig 1877, Sp. 644 ( woerterbuchnetz.de ).
  19. ↑ House II, meaning 2) f). In: Jacob Grimm , Wilhelm Grimm (Hrsg.): German dictionary . tape 10 : H, I, J - (IV, 2nd division). S. Hirzel, Leipzig 1877, Sp. 644 ( woerterbuchnetz.de ).
  20. ↑ house . In: German Academy of Sciences of the GDR, Prussian Academy of Sciences (Hrsg.): German legal dictionary . tape 5 , volume 3 (edited by Otto Gönnenwein , Wilhelm Weizsäcker , with the assistance of Hans Blesken). Hermann Böhlaus successor, Weimar, Sp. 369–379 ( adw.uni-heidelberg.de - publication date between 1952 and 1960).
  21. ^ Konrad Kunze : dtv-Atlas onenology. (= dtv band. 2490). 1st edition. dtv, 1998, ISBN 3-423-03266-9 , p. 91.
  22. ↑ House II, meaning 2) c). In: Jacob Grimm , Wilhelm Grimm (Hrsg.): German dictionary . tape 10 : H, I, J - (IV, 2nd division). S. Hirzel, Leipzig 1877, Sp. 644 ( woerterbuchnetz.de ).
  23. ↑ House II, meaning 3). In: Jacob Grimm , Wilhelm Grimm (Hrsg.): German dictionary . tape 10 : H, I, J - (IV, 2nd division). S. Hirzel, Leipzig 1877, Sp. 644 ( woerterbuchnetz.de ).
  24. ^ Inken Schmidt-Voges: The house in the premodern. In: Joachim Eibach, Inken Schmidt-Voges (Hrsg.): The house in the history of Europe. A manual. Berlin 2015, pp. 1–18.
  25. ↑ Paul-Ludwig Weinacht : Topicality of classics of political thought. In: Würzburg medical history reports. 24, 2005, p. 475.
  26. ↑ H. Beck, H. Steuer: House and farm in prehistoric times. Göttingen 1997.
  27. ↑ E.-W. Böckenförde: house and yard - the threat. In: Culture of Property. (= Library of property. Volume 3). Springer, 2006, ISBN 3-540-33951-5 .
  28. ^ Hanselmann: Ottonian city law. In: Document book of the city of Braunschweig. Quoted from: DRW: 1 house. III 1 (permanent) residence. general.
  29. ↑ Gloss. In: The Saxon soft image law. Quoted from: DRW: 1 house. I 3 a classification.
  30. ↑ Hof, m. area, villa, auditorium. 3). In: Jacob Grimm , Wilhelm Grimm (Hrsg.): German dictionary . tape 10 : H, I, J - (IV, 2nd division). S. Hirzel, Leipzig 1877 ( woerterbuchnetz.de ).