Gönnersdorf (archaeological site)

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Coordinates: 50 ° 26 ′ 51.5 ″  N , 7 ° 24 ′ 55.6 ″  E

Upper Palaeolithic archaeological site Gönnersdorf
p1
Gönnersdorf site in 2016 Two concentrations of finds were found on the meadow property directly next to the black and white garage.

Gönnersdorf site in 2016
Two concentrations of finds were found
on the meadow property directly next to
the black and white garage.

location Rhineland-Palatinate , Germany
Upper Paleolithic archaeological site Gönnersdorf (Germany)
Upper Palaeolithic archaeological site Gönnersdorf
surface 0,000,687 km²
When 15,500 years ago
Where Gönnersdorf , district in the Feldkirchen district in Neuwied , Rhineland-Palatinate , Germany

Gönnersdorf is an archaeological site from the late Upper Palaeolithic . It is named after the district of Gönnersdorf in the Neuwied district of Feldkirchen in the northern part of Rhineland-Palatinate , where the around 15,500 year old Magdalenian settlement was located. It is one of the most important and best-researched places for life in the late phase of the last glacial period , especially nutrition, settlement behavior and art ( engraved slabs from the Gönnersdorf site , female statuettes of the "Gönnersdorf type").

meaning

The Gönnersdorf site is one of the largest and best-researched settlement sites from the late phase of the last glacial period . It lies orographically to the right of the Rhine in the westernmost tip of the Wollendorf-Gladbach basin slope of the Neuwied basin edge (about 70 meters north of the Neuwied Rhine valley widening ) in the Middle Rhine Basin and dates back to around 15,500 years in the late Upper Palaeolithic or Magdalenian. The remains of the Ice Age settlement were exceptionally well preserved because they were covered by the pumice layers of the Laacher See volcano, twelve kilometers away as the crow flies. A wealth of finds, good conservation and extensive, careful excavations make Gönnersdorf one of the world's most important archives for life at the end of the last ice age. The square was evidently an important and annual meeting point for the mobile hunter-gatherer groups of the time. The Gönnersdorf site is particularly famous for its numerous works of art ( engraved slates , female statuettes of the "Gönnersdorf type"). The finds and structures are particularly informative for an understanding of the diet and settlement behavior.

Research history

The Gönnersdorf site was discovered in 1968 in an excavation pit in which stone tools and bones were noticeable under the pumice layer. In the years that followed, up to 1976, a total area of ​​687 m² was excavated in 8 excavation campaigns next to the construction pit and on the adjacent land under the direction of Gerhard Bosinski . Following the example of the work on the Pincevent open-air discovery site in the Paris basin at about the same time, the excavations and their documentation in Gönnersdorf reached a particularly high level by the standards of the time. The rich finds are still being researched by the Monrepos archaeological research center . Current projects focus particularly on the reconstruction of settlement behavior and the analysis of the engraved slate slabs . Modern analysis methods such as 3D scans, isotope examinations or GIS-based spatial analyzes complete and specify the picture of the Ice Age way of life in Gönnersdorf.

Location and environment

The site Gönnersdorf is rechtsrheinisch on the spur of a middle deck of the Rhine, 96- 105  m above sea level. NN , on a sheltered, sunny slope area. Exactly opposite on the left bank of the Rhine is the Andernach discovery site, which is roughly the same time, only about two kilometers away. During this time the Rhine was flatter, wider and divided into many meandering arms. The site is near a small stream, so people may have had direct access to fresh water.

The Magdalenian find layer is located in the loess of the Ice Age steppe. Some of the animal species recorded in Gönnersdorf also indicate a dry and cold climate, e. B. Collared lemming , arctic fox , mountain hare , horse, reindeer , saiga antelope . The detectable species also include animals from other habitats that reflect the specific environmental situation at the settlement site. Both aquatic animals (fish such as salmon and trout ) as well as birds ( swan , duck , goose , snowy owl ), and finally mammals ( chamois , wolf , primal , mammoth ) belonged to the hunting spectrum. Charcoal analyzes allow conclusions to be drawn about the vegetation around the settlement area. There is evidence of pine ( Scots pine , other types of pine not to be excluded), a species from the cypress family (possibly common juniper ) and willow . Pollen analyzes reveal a rich herbaceous vegetation.

nutrition

Due to its good bone preservation and the precise documentation of the findings, especially the pits, Gönnersdorf provides extensive information about the diet in the late Ice Age, in particular the hunting and processing of the prey.

hunt

Hunting played a major role in gaining food for the people of Gönnersdorf. This is proven by the many finds of animal remains. Parts of hunting weapons such as bullet tips made of antlers and stone (so-called back knives ), which may have served as reinforcements for wooden spears, also indicate that hunting is of great importance. Evidence of hunting prey is v. a. Horse, but also reindeer, wild cattle, saiga antelope, chamois, arctic fox, mountain hare and various birds and fish. So Gönnersdorf is not the immediate hunting ground, but a settlement and processing area. Some of the booty was dismantled at the killing site outside of Gönnersdorf and then only parts of it were brought to the storage site for further processing. This shows the frequencies of the presences of the different body regions of the animals. For example, horse sternums are missing.

The horse was the preferred hunting animal. The minimum number of individuals can be calculated from the frequencies of the individual body regions. So were z. B. 50 second finger or toe bones (phalanges) found, which suggests at least 13 individuals. However, it can be assumed that the number of hunted horses was far greater, since neither all the bones of an animal came to the camp site, nor have all the animal remains that got there to this day.

The evaluation of the reindeer remains reveals 180 bones (fragments) from at least 4 hunted animals that were hunted for their meat and their antlers .

One bone each could be detected from bison and saiga antelope. A mammoth thigh bone found near a fireplace is proven to be 2,000 years older than the settlement. It is believed that this bone was collected in the area and served as a grill construction together with a reindeer antler shovel. In addition, the mammoth is covered with ivory , which probably came to the settlement as raw material from the area. A hunt for great primal, bison and mammoth is to be classified as unlikely due to the small number of bones.

The bones and teeth of at least 30 animals have been found in the arctic fox, and 300 bones in at least seven animals have been found in the mountain hare. Both animal species were probably less a source of food, but rather their fur because of their prey.

A few remains of fish (salmon, trout, burbot) in pits are evidence of fishing , which was probably also of great importance for the food spectrum of humans.

Findings of bird bones show the hunt for swan, goose, duck and ptarmigan, probably primarily as a source of food, but also for common raven, seagull and snowy owl, which were probably hunted for their feathers.

Collective economy

Despite the presumably important importance of the collecting economy for the people in Gönnersdorf, there was hardly any evidence of collecting bird eggs, fruits, plants and berries. Only a few pollen from wild herbs was found in cooking pits, which could indicate the preparation of vegetable food.

Rock slabs used as rubstones are also related to plant processing.

Cooking pits

At the camp site itself, food was prepared in cooking pits beneath the slate with the help of water and heated stones, which could be proven by layers of charcoal in the pits and broken stones by the action of heat. Presumably the bone fat was also boiled in this way, since many of the animal bones were systematically minced. The cooking pits were later filled with waste.

It is possible that some pits under the layers of slate were also used for storage purposes.

Art and jewelry

art

Sculptural figurines depicting women in an upright posture and accentuated embers have mostly been handed down in fragments. They are eponymous for Gönnersdorf's Venus figurines, which were widespread throughout Europe at this time . Most of the figurines are made of ivory, slate or antlers could also be used. The motif of the upright woman with the characteristic glutes is also found on the engraved slate .

Jewellery

Necklace pendants were probably made from the canine teeth of deer , also called deer grandles , as indicated by perforations. The Hirschgrandeln are often ascribed a prestige object. Pierced teeth were also found in other animal species ( reindeer , arctic fox , wild horse ). The shells of some molluscs could be sewn onto items of clothing and worn in a clearly visible manner, or they could also be made into chains. The tiny and perforated ornamental snail shells of the species Homalopoma sanguineum, which come from the Mediterranean region, are seen as evidence of exchange relationships. It is not certain whether the claws of the common raven were used as ornament, but the use of hematite , ocher and charcoal seems to have been used for decorative reasons. Gagat pearls (fossil wood) were found in both Gönnersdorf and Andernach-Martinsberg , although there are no biconical pearls in other locations.

Ivory, bone and antler implements

From ivory, bones and, in the case of reindeer, from the throwing rods , a large number of different tools, weapon parts, jewelry and art objects were made in Gönnersdorf, which were used in hunts or other activities. The material for this could be obtained by killing the animals or by collecting leftovers from the area. Larger projectiles were obtained from collected, often older, ivory . This was worked into semicircular projectiles, so-called baguette-demirondes, which are sometimes decorated with incisions of bear and doe . The harder long bones of the horse were used for needles and retouchers . The elongated, slightly curved bullet tips were made from antler shavings that had been deliberately cut out of the drop rods . Remnants of chip and projectile production were rarely sculpted, but this also happened in individual cases. The larger pieces of antler were made into harpoons and most of them have barbs on one side, and those with two rows of barbs are rarer. Cross fishing rods (a kind of fishing hook precursor that could also be used for other animals) were sometimes made from antlers. Many bones still show signs of use. They were used as tools for stone processing or objects of unknown function.

Stone tools

More than 81,000 stone artifacts were found in Gönnersdorf , which together weigh about 76 kg. The standardization of the range of tools common to the Upper Palaeolithic corresponds to the tools of the late Magdalenian era .

Raw materials

Artifacts from regional rocks as well as those from rocks from more distant deposits were found in Gönnersdorf . Find concentrations I and II are Nordic flint from a distance of at least 100 km and find concentration III is Western European flint. In addition, three stone blades made of reddish blood jasper were found, the raw material of which came from the Upper Rhine . At 300 km as the crow flies, the distance covered during transport is the longest distance over which raw material was transported in the Rhenish Paleolithic . Among other things, cores of the regional rocks have been preserved, which indicates that the stone tool here was carved from a whole stone, in contrast to the tool production from semi-finished products . Cores of Western European flint can also be found in the same way. On the other hand, the Maasfeuerstein, for example, was already broken down into blades and other semi-finished products at the place of origin in order to be easier to transport. The tools were then only completed in Gönnersdorf.

slate

In addition to the well-known engraved slate , other objects were also made from this material, including rondelles and lamps.

Rondelle are round, carved slate discs with a diameter between 1.5 and 6.5 cm. They were pierced in the middle and may therefore have been hung around as jewelry. Their exact function remains unclear. More than 400 copies were found. The location of the borehole was sometimes marked with a cross. Most of the rondelles are undecorated, but some also have decorations made of circles, triangles, ovals or radial rays. The edges were first retouched , then sanded.

The lamps are characterized by the lamp shell, which is a maximum of one centimeter deep, which is sunk into the surface of a thick slate of slate. In this lamp shell , for example, sebum can be burned with the help of a wick. In the experiment it was shown that such a lamp gives a lot of light.

Numerous slabs of slate apparently served as building material, but were not reworked into specific devices.

Other stone tools

Some angular fragmented quartz stones were found in a small pit, which are interpreted as cooking stones . The entire stone was heated in the fire and then placed in a pit lined with fur or leather and filled with water. In this way the water was heated. With the constant change from hot to cold, the stones then shattered.

Only a fragment remains of a device made of red foam lava. The shape suggests a broken hatchet , but the porosity of the foam lava speaks against its use as a hatchet, as the material is too brittle.

In addition to the stone artifacts already described, there were hammer stones and retouchers that were used to work stone. In addition, boulders were found that clearly show signs of use and z. B. could be used to smash marrow bones to get to the bone marrow.

Settlement structures and dwellings

Settlement structures

The entire excavation area was divided into four areas according to the distribution of the finds. In the south lies K I (concentration I), further to the northwest K II. Above this lies K III and further north K IV.

Due to the current development, it was not possible to excavate the entire settlement area, but four spatially separated findings were found, which are interpreted as dwelling floor plans. These could be recognized by larger rock concentrations of slate, quartzite and quartz , with underlying pit zones and a partly extensive red discoloration of the interior due to powdered hematite . There were numerous finds such as stone artifacts and bones between and under the stone piles.

Dwellings

In K I – K III the outermost ring made of stone material with a diameter of 6 (K III) or 9 m (K I and K II) formed the boundary of the dwelling. Under this ring there were smaller post holes at regular intervals of four feet. In the middle of the dwellings was a deep pit for a center post.

Based on these findings and inspired by ethnographic comparisons from Asia, round tents were reconstructed from vertically rising walls and a flat-cone-shaped roof with a ridge hole, which was supported by a central post. The scaffolding was covered with furs or leather. The buildings had two exits, one in the southeast and one in the northwest. The interior was structured by piles of stones, pavement-like paving and open spaces. In addition to one or more fireplaces, there were also several pits that were interpreted as storage, cooking or waste pits. By finding a complete, slightly sooty mammoth thigh bone and a shovel of a larger reindeer antler near the fireplace of K I, a possible barbecue was reconstructed.

In K IV, a tent floor plan without pits was uncovered, which probably had a tipi- like construction. Recently, however, it has also been reconstructed as a rectangular to trapezoidal dwelling. It had a diameter of five meters and the outer boundary was formed by larger slate blocks that served as weight stones for the base of the wall. In the middle of the tent there was a fireplace surrounded by quartzite and slate and covered with a basalt plate. The entrance was in the southwest, as an investigation of the scattering of the finds and the connecting lines of matched finds clearly demonstrated.

Dating (time, duration and frequency of settlement)

With the help of calibrated C14 data , the site was already able to be found during the early research into the time around 13,000 BC. To be dated. Thus it falls into the late Magdalenian period . More recent data largely confirm this state of research, but also indicate that the Gönnersdorf site was settled 400 years earlier than initially assumed and is therefore at the same time as Andernach-Martinsberg . Most of the samples used for C14 dating come from horse and reindeer bones.

The frequency of living spaces is to be considered in relation to the concentration of finds (KI – K-IV). For example, bones of horse fetuses were found in the area of ​​the AI, the stage of development of which indicates a hunt in autumn and winter. Bones were also found in K-II, but these indicate a later stage of development and thus a hunt in spring and summer.

See also

literature

  • Eduard Franken, Stephan Veil: The stone artifacts from Gönnersdorf (= The Magdalenian site Gönnersdorf . Volume 7). Steiner, Wiesbaden 1983, ISBN 3-515-02825-0 , ZDB -ID 572446-6 (part. Zugl .: Köln, Univ., Diss. S. Veil, 1981).
  • Michael Baales : Archeology of the Ice Age. Early people on the Middle Rhine and Moselle (= archeology on the Middle Rhine and Moselle . Volume 16). Ges. For Archeology on the Middle Rhine and Moselle, Koblenz, Archaeological Monument Preservation, Koblenz Office, Koblenz 2005, ISBN 3-929645-08-4 , ISSN  0939-2424 .
  • Gerhard Bosinski : Gönnersdorf and Andernach-Martinsberg. Late Ice Age settlement sites on the Middle Rhine. (= Archeology on the Middle Rhine and Moselle . Volume 19). With contribution from Hannelore Bosinski. Society for Archeology on the Middle Rhine and Moselle e. V., Koblenz 2007, ISBN 978-3-929645-12-5 , ISSN  0939-2424 .
  • Gerhard Bosinski: Prehistory on the Rhine (= Tübingen monographs on prehistory .). Kerns Verlag, Tübingen 2008, ISBN 978-3-935751-09-4 , ZDB -ID 187699-5 .

Web links

Commons : Open air site Gönnersdorf  - Collection of pictures, videos and audio files

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ a b c d e f g h i j Gerhard Bosinski : Gönnersdorf and Andernach-Martinsberg. Late Ice Age settlement sites on the Middle Rhine. (= Archeology on the Middle Rhine and Moselle . Volume 19). With contribution from Hannelore Bosinski. Society for Archeology on the Middle Rhine and Moselle e. V., Koblenz 2007, ISBN 978-3-929645-12-5 , ISSN 0939-2424 .  
  2. ^ Martin Street, Olaf Jöris, Elaine Turner: Magdalenian settlement in the German Rhineland - An update . In: Quaternary International . No. 272–273 The Magdalenian Settlement of Europe , September 12, 2012, doi: 10.1016 / j.quaint.2012.03.024 , ISSN  1040-6182 , pp. 231–250 (English, article available online: March 21, 2012, Summary in English ).
  3. ↑ a b c d e f Sabine Gaudzinski-Windheuser , Olaf Jöris (Ed.): 600,000 years of human history in the center of Europe. Book accompanying the exhibition in the Museum for the Archeology of the Ice Age, Monrepos Castle, Neuwied . With contributions by Sylvie Bergmann, Sabine Gaudzinski-Windheuser, Frank Gelhausen, Sonja Grimm, Claudia Hellebrand-Kosche, Wolfgang Heuschen, Daniela Holst, Jörg Holzkämper, Susanne Isaak-Mans, Olaf Joris, Jan Kegler, Lutz Kindler, Martina Sensburg, Martin Street , Elaine Turner and Stefan Wenzel. Verlag des Römisch-Germanisches Zentralmuseums, Mainz 2006, ISBN 978-3-88467-103-0 , Schnell & Steiner, February 28, 2007, ISBN 978-3-7954-1968-4 .
  4. ↑ “Golden Ratio” carved in stone - 3D scans (v) measure 15,000 year old slate images and the importance of their artists . Press release from the Roman-Germanic Central Museum . In: web.rgzm.de . Römisch-Germanisches Zentralmuseum  - Leibniz Research Institute for Archeology, October 23, 2012, accessed and received on March 1, 2017 ( PDF file , 99.73 KiB).
  5. ↑ Alexandra Güth: Using 3D scanning in the investigation of Upper Palaeolithic engravings: first results of a pilot study . In: Journal of Archaeological Science . Volume 39, No. 10, October 2012, doi: 10.1016 / j.jas.2012.04.029 , ISSN  0305-4403 , pp. 3105-3114 (English, article available online: April 25, 2012, summary in English ).
    Frank Moseler: Concentration IV from Gönnersdorf. A spatial analysis of the stone artifacts . In: Martina Sensburg, Frank Moseler: The concentrations IIb and IV of the Magdalenian discovery site Gönnersdorf (Middle Rhine) (= Roman Germanic Central Museum . Sub-series: Monographs of the Roman-Germanic Central Museum . Volume 73). [Red .: Hans G. Frenz et al.] Verlag des Römisch-Germanisches Zentralmuseums, Mainz 2008, ISBN 978-3-88467-120-7 , Schnell & Steiner, Regensburg 2008, ISBN 978-3-7954-2102-1 , ISSN  0171-1474 , pp. 55-168.
  6. ↑ a b c Michael Baales : Archeology of the Ice Age. Early people on the Middle Rhine and Moselle (= archeology on the Middle Rhine and Moselle . Volume 16). Ges. For Archeology on the Middle Rhine and Moselle, Koblenz, Archaeological Monument Preservation, Koblenz Office, Koblenz 2005, ISBN 3-929645-08-4 , ISSN 0939-2424 (98).  
  7. ^ François Poplin: Données de la grande faune sur le climat et l'environnement . In: Karl Brunnacker (Ed.): Geoscientific investigations in Gönnersdorf (= The Magdalenian discovery site Gönnersdorf . Volume 4). 1st edition. Franz Steiner Verlag, Wiesbaden 1978, ISBN 3-515-02510-3 , ZDB -ID 572446-6 , pp. 98-104, here: 99 (French).
  8. ↑ Fritz H. Schweingruber: Wood analysis studies . In: Karl Brunnacker (Ed.): Geoscientific investigations in Gönnersdorf (= The Magdalenian discovery site Gönnersdorf . Volume 4). 1st edition. Franz Steiner Verlag, Wiesbaden 1978, ISBN 3-515-02510-3 , ZDB -ID 572446-6 , pp. 82-97, in particular 82-83 and 90.
  9. ↑ a b c d e f g h Gerhard Bosinski : Urgeschichte am Rhein (= Tübingen monographs on prehistory .). Kerns Verlag, Tübingen 2008, ISBN 978-3-935751-09-4 , ZDB -ID 187699-5 .
  10. ^ Gerhard Bosinski : Gönnersdorf and Andernach-Martinsberg. Late Ice Age settlement sites on the Middle Rhine. (= Archeology on the Middle Rhine and Moselle . Volume 19). With contribution from Hannelore Bosinski. Society for Archeology on the Middle Rhine and Moselle e. V., Koblenz 2007, ISBN 978-3-929645-12-5 , ISSN  0939-2424 (105).
  11. ^ Gerhard Bosinski : Prehistory on the Rhine (= Tübingen monographs on prehistory .). Kerns Verlag, Tübingen 2008, ISBN 978-3-935751-09-4 , ZDB -ID 187699-5 (304).
  12. ^ Gerhard Bosinski : Gönnersdorf and Andernach-Martinsberg. Late Ice Age settlement sites on the Middle Rhine. (= Archeology on the Middle Rhine and Moselle . Volume 19). With contribution from Hannelore Bosinski. Society for Archeology on the Middle Rhine and Moselle e. V., Koblenz 2007, ISBN 978-3-929645-12-5 , ISSN  0939-2424 (114).
  13. ↑ a b Michael Baales : Archeology of the Ice Age. Early people on the Middle Rhine and Moselle (= archeology on the Middle Rhine and Moselle . Volume 16). Ges. For Archeology on the Middle Rhine and Moselle, Koblenz, Archaeological Monument Preservation, Koblenz Office, Koblenz 2005, ISBN 3-929645-08-4 , ISSN 0939-2424 (104).  
  14. ^ A b Gerhard Bosinski : Prehistory on the Rhine (= Tübingen monographs on prehistory .). Kerns Verlag, Tübingen 2008, ISBN 978-3-935751-09-4 , ZDB -ID 187699-5 (305).
  15. ↑ Michael Baales : Archeology of the Ice Age. Early people on the Middle Rhine and Moselle (= archeology on the Middle Rhine and Moselle . Volume 16). Ges. For Archeology on the Middle Rhine and Moselle, Koblenz, Archaeological Monument Preservation, Koblenz Office, Koblenz 2005, ISBN 3-929645-08-4 , ISSN  0939-2424 (99).
    Gerhard Bosinski : Gönnersdorf and Andernach-Martinsberg. Late Ice Age settlement sites on the Middle Rhine. (= Archeology on the Middle Rhine and Moselle . Volume 19). With contribution from Hannelore Bosinski. Society for Archeology on the Middle Rhine and Moselle e. V., Koblenz 2007, ISBN 978-3-929645-12-5 , ISSN  0939-2424 (53).
  16. ^ A b Gerhard Bosinski : Prehistory on the Rhine (= Tübingen monographs on prehistory .). Kerns Verlag, Tübingen 2008, ISBN 978-3-935751-09-4 , ZDB -ID 187699-5 (306).
  17. ^ Gerhard Bosinski : Gönnersdorf and Andernach-Martinsberg. Late Ice Age settlement sites on the Middle Rhine. (= Archeology on the Middle Rhine and Moselle . Volume 19). With contribution from Hannelore Bosinski. Society for Archeology on the Middle Rhine and Moselle e. V., Koblenz 2007, ISBN 978-3-929645-12-5 , ISSN  0939-2424 (125).
  18. ^ Gerhard Bosinski : Gönnersdorf and Andernach-Martinsberg. Late Ice Age settlement sites on the Middle Rhine. (= Archeology on the Middle Rhine and Moselle . Volume 19). With contribution from Hannelore Bosinski. Society for Archeology on the Middle Rhine and Moselle e. V., Koblenz 2007, ISBN 978-3-929645-12-5 , ISSN  0939-2424 , p. 124.
  19. ^ Gerhard Bosinski : Prehistory on the Rhine (= Tübingen monographs on prehistory .). Kerns Verlag, Tübingen 2008, ISBN 978-3-935751-09-4 , ZDB -ID 187699-5 , p. 302.
  20. ↑ Michael Baales : Archeology of the Ice Age. Early people on the Middle Rhine and Moselle (= archeology on the Middle Rhine and Moselle . Volume 16). Ges. For Archeology on the Middle Rhine and Moselle, Koblenz, Archaeological Monument Preservation, Koblenz Office, Koblenz 2005, ISBN 3-929645-08-4 , ISSN  0939-2424 (99).
  21. ↑ Michael Baales : Archeology of the Ice Age. Early people on the Middle Rhine and Moselle (= archeology on the Middle Rhine and Moselle . Volume 16). Ges. For Archeology on the Middle Rhine and Moselle, Koblenz, Archaeological Monument Preservation, Koblenz Office, Koblenz 2005, ISBN 3-929645-08-4 , ISSN  0939-2424 .
    C. Höck: The women statuettes from Gönnersdorf and Andernach . In: Yearbook of the Roman-Germanic Central Museum Mainz . Volume 40, 1993 (1995), ISSN  0076-2741 , ISSN  2198-9400 , pp. 253-316.
  22. ↑ Esteban Alvarez Fernández: L'axe Rhin-Rhône au paléolithique supérieur récent: L'exemple des mollusques utilisés comme objets de parure . In: L'Anthropologie . Volume 105, No. 4, October – December 2001, doi: 10.1016 / S0003-5521 (01) 80052-2 , ISSN  0003-5521 , pp. 547-564 (French, article available online: April 8, 2002, summary in French and English language ).
  23. ↑ a b c d e f g Michael Baales : Archeology of the Ice Age. Early people on the Middle Rhine and Moselle (= archeology on the Middle Rhine and Moselle . Volume 16). Ges. For Archeology on the Middle Rhine and Moselle, Koblenz, Archaeological Monument Preservation, Koblenz Office, Koblenz 2005, ISBN 3-929645-08-4 , ISSN 0939-2424 .  
  24. ↑ Harald Floss : Raw material supply in the Palaeolithic of the Middle Rhine region (= monographs [Römisch-Germanisches Zentralmuseum zu Mainz (RGZM)] . Volume 21). Habelt, Bonn 1994, Mainz 1994, ISBN 3-7749-2685-9 , ISSN  0171-1474 .
  25. ^ A b Olaf Jöris, Martin Street, Elaine Turner: Spatial analysis at the Magdalenian site of Gönnersdorf (Central Rhineland, Germany) - an Introduction . In: Sabine Gaudzinski-Windheuser , Olaf Jöris, Martina Sensburg, Martin Street, Elaine Turner (Eds.): Site-internal spatial organization of hunter-gatherer societies: Case studies from the European Palaeolithic and Mesolithic. Papers submitted at the session (C58) "Come in ... and find out: Opening a new door into the analysis of hunter-gatherer social organization and behavior", held at the 15th UISPP conference in Lisbon, September 2006 (= Römisch Germanisches Zentralmuseum . Sub-series: Roman-Germanic Central Museum - Conferences . Volume 12). Verlag des Römisch-Germanisches Zentralmuseums, Mainz 2011, ISBN 978-3-7954-2587-6 , Schnell & Steiner, June 18, 2012, ISBN 978-3-88467-190-0 , ISSN  1862-4812 (English; Offprint online in Academia.edu , accessed and received on March 1, 2017).
  26. ^ Rhiannon E. Stevens, Tamsin C. O'Connell, Robert EM Hedges, Martin Street: Radiocarbon and stable isotope investigations at the Central Rhineland sites of Gönnersdorf and Andernach-Martinsberg, Germany . In: Journal of Human Evolution . Volume 57, No. 2, August 2009, doi: 10.1016 / j.jhevol.2009.01.011 , ISSN  0047-2484 , pp. 131-148 (English, article available online: July 9, 2009, summary in English ).