Residential buildings
The building law term residential building refers to a building that is primarily used for living . The term residential building is also common in common parlance .
The term
In Germany the term is mainly used in the state building regulations. There, residential buildings are those buildings that are intended exclusively for residential purposes. Usually freelance activities are included, in some cases also comparable commercial uses. It can therefore also be mixed-use buildings as long as the character of residential use is retained.
The Federal Statistical Office compiles numerous statistics on residential buildings and apartments . Accordingly, residential buildings are buildings that at least half of the total usable area are used for residential purposes.
The Energy Saving Ordinance applies to residential buildings in Germany (it does not apply or only partially applies to certain other building types).
The building regulations differentiate between different residential buildings according to their height :
- Buildings of low height are buildings in which the floor of no storey with common rooms is on average more than 7 m above the surface of the site. Buildings of medium height are buildings in which the floor of at least one lounge area is on average more than 7 m and not more than 22 m above the surface of the site. High-rise buildings are buildings in which the floor of at least one lounge is more than 22 m above the surface of the site. (State building regulations NRW)
Historically, for example , the term fireplace was used instead of the term residential building in censuses , because there was only a fixed fireplace ( stove ) for the purpose of preparing food in one residential building , while other functional buildings (stables, barns ...) did not accommodate housekeeping and therefore the Fireplace was to be equated with a household ( Hausgesess ) in the sense of the census.
Distinction
To differentiate between different house types, a differentiation can be made, for example, according to use, building construction or position to neighboring buildings and the type of floor plan . Here are a few examples:
- according to use: residential house ( single-family house , apartment building ), garden house , farmhouse , service house (old farmer's house)
- by material: glass house , wooden house , energy-saving house , etc.
- to Construct: log cabin , timbered house , Umgebindehaus , pit house , earth house , etc.
- on the equipment and comfort: cottage , cottage , barracks , dacha , Bungalow , Chalet , Villa , Palace , even temporary residential buildings: gazebo , hut and cabin, shelters , allotment house , etc.
- according to position in relation to neighboring buildings
- Detached house: A residential house on a plot of land at a distance from the neighboring buildings, as a farmhouse also as a courtyard
- Semi-detached house : two residential houses have a common side wall on the property boundary, as a farmhouse also as a Zwiehof (old form of inheritance)
- Row house : At least three residential houses have common side walls at the property boundaries: Typical in the city area and other closed settlements, as a village form, especially in the street village : Hakenhof , Streckhof
- If there are several buildings on one property
- According to the architectural concept. For example, in the United States, traditional single-family homes are conceived from the outside and the inside is subject to this view from the outside. In the contemporary style, on the other hand (1945–1990), the house is conceived from the inside, in terms of the functionality of the rooms, which are accordingly built outside.
A distinction is also made, depending on whether the business premises are located in the residential building, the single-roof house or, if they stand as a separate building, different building ensembles : Paarhof , Haufenhof . If individual components built together arise wing , traditional forms: Zweiseithof , Dreiseithof , Vierseithof . Such differentiations are not used in modern residential buildings.
Floor plan configurations:
- Point house: A point house is a building with a floor plan centered around a center point . The term point house is usually used to describe high-rise residential buildings with an internal access core and external residential units.
- One-room house: Simplest layout of the floor plan
- In the case of buildings that are built together or merged, one speaks of building wings . A three-wing complex usually surrounds a courtyard of honor, which is usually open to the access side. A four-wing complex, like the rural four-sided courtyard or the monastery cloister, encloses a mostly rectangular, closed inner courtyard.
- Courtyard house with courtyard : The ancient oriental courtyard house (e.g. the Sumerians ) is one of the earliest representatives of this type of building. The floor plans are often irregular and develop many variants that can be found in the west on the entire Mediterranean coast and in the east throughout Asia up to the Chinese forms, for example the Siheyuan . These designs also include the square , the southern villa: the patio and atrium houses .
Traditional construction methods in an ethnological context:
History of residential building types
Historical development of house types is given below:
Antiquity
-
Megaron as a house type of ancient Greece
- Prostashaus as a further development of the Megaron by merging with the Mediterranean courtyard house.
- Pasta house a type of house that spread throughout northern Greece in the fourth century BC.
- Peristyle house as a courtyard house form that was widely used in Hellenism and influenced the Romans.
-
Roman house as a collective term for the houses of the Roman Empire
- Atrium house house type with atrium
- Insula Term for the multi-storey tenement houses built in the Roman Empire
- Villa Country house that could be designed in a rural ( Villa rustica ) or luxurious ( Villa urbana ) style.
Middle Ages and Modern Times
- Stone work as a medieval urban house type
- Ernhaus as a large central German house type family (since the Middle Ages)
- Hallenhaus as a large north German house type family (since the 13th / 15th century)
-
Gulfhaus as a regional house type on the North Sea coast (since the 16th / 17th century)
- Haubarg as a North Frisian version of the Gulf house
-
Geesthardenhaus as a regional house type in Schleswig-Holstein
- Uthland Frisian house a special form of the Geestharden house in North Frisia
- Town house similar to the manor house in the Netherlands and Germany.
Pre-industrial townhouse
Developed from the tradition of medieval cities, it combines living and working for craftsmen, merchants and arable citizens under one roof. A uniform appearance and size for the city or district results from the size of the building plots, building regulations and the time of reconstruction after the destruction of entire areas. The townhouses date from the Gothic to Classicism .
Urban tenement
The tenement house was built at the time when cities experienced enormous population growth in the industrialization phase. The city apartment buildings were created as capital investments and thus optimized for yield. That means: maximum possible development of the property, 4 to 5 full storeys, while circumventing the building regulations, even more. The most extreme form are the tenements . On the other hand, urban tenement houses can also contain upper-class apartments with a living space of 500 m² and more, with a correspondingly representative interior design. The exterior design was typically done in one of the many styles of historicism . The construction method initially followed pre-industrial traditions, e.g. B. Half-timbering, which was soon banned by the building authorities, and building materials from industrialization such as masonry made of standardized bricks , steel girders and concrete prevailed. The floor plans mostly correspond to one of the local types.
Settlement house
- One to two family house in rural areas that does not belong to a farm
- Settlement construction in the fringes of cities, starting point was the garden city movement
- Post-war home construction
Socially motivated large housing estate
In view of the miserable housing conditions of the working class families, there were various approaches by wealthy people to alleviate this need. Typical examples are the settlements of large factories. Private associations also built settlements under social aspects, the Ostheim settlement in Stuttgart being an example . A large number of similar houses, such as terraced houses , semi-detached houses with several apartments or multi-family houses, is typical for this settlement . After the First World War, many housing estates were organized through cooperatives.
Urban villa
Single-family house with high demands on living space, comfort and the need for representation for the upper class of the urban population. The municipal villa was typically built between 1850 and around 1930 and its style clearly reflects the prevailing taste of the time .
Large housing complexes
- Residential skyscrapers
- Prefabricated housing estates
History of residential building construction
In Central Europe, different phases can be defined in house construction, which differ in construction method and materials used.
-
Pre-industrial phase - use of locally available building materials except in the representative buildings and villas of the upper classes
- Hand-formed roof tiles and bricks , soft roofing instead of tiles
- Hewn beams
- Ceiling construction made of vaults and wooden beam ceilings
- Elaborate décor has been found since the Gothic period , increasingly in rich town houses, and later in general:
-
Gründerzeit phase ( approx. 1850 to the end of the First World War) - Use of industrially manufactured building materials
- Brick , plasterboard , concrete
- Sawn beams and boards
- Railing made of cast iron
- Pre-made ornament elements
- Ceiling constructions
- Wooden joist ceilings with shelf made of wood or prefabricated elements (plaster)
- Brick and stamped concrete vaults
- Steel girder ceilings with concrete infill or Prussian cap ceiling
-
Between the wars (1920 to 1940) - use of industrially manufactured building materials as in the previous phase
- Simplified decor
-
Reconstruction phase ( 1945 to approx. 1960) - building under the dictates of scarcity
- Use of materials from demolition and rubble
- Minimizing the material thickness in the wall and roof
- Replacement building materials, e.g. B. Saver beam: ceiling beams nailed together from boards (today: binder )
-
Expansion phase (approx. 1960 to 1975) - construction characterized by increasing prosperity
- More generous design
- Return to higher quality building materials
- Heating energy demand is hardly taken into account
- Flat roof
- Turning away from the architectural styles in local tradition, importing foreign styles (early postmodernism )
- Industrialized construction:
The first self-cleaning house was developed by Frances Gabe in 1980 .
See also
Web links
- Beauty and value of residential real estate: results of a survey by the TU Chemnitz , Dr. Nicole Küster & Prof. Dr. Friedrich Thießen, May 2014 - short summary (2 pages, PDF)
- Nationwide monument study by IfD Allensbach / pantera Immobilien: Historic buildings are the most popular form of property , December 2017
swell
- ↑ Federal Statistical Office, Fachserie 5, Reihe 3, 2011, page 3
- ^ Laws, ordinances and tenders for the Kingdom of Hanover: from the period from 1813 to 1839. Sixth Division. Police things, Volume 7. S. 1248. ( online in the Google book search)
- ↑ Marco Bussagli: What is architecture. Kaiser Verlag, 2003, ISBN 3-7043-9017-8 , p. 42 ff.