Stamped concrete

from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
The Upper Iller Bridges in
Kempten (Allgäu) are the largest bridges in the world made of rammed concrete.

Tamped concrete is the name for (mostly) unreinforced concrete that is compacted by the pressure surges during tamping.

technical features

Stamped concrete is made from a mixture of gravel , sand , cement and water. With the appropriate formwork, the artificial stone can be produced in any shape. Concrete is one of the types of concrete that is compacted by ramming, which is why only concrete mixes with a stiff consistency are used for this. A concrete layer to be compacted should not exceed a thickness of 15 cm. It was mostly used for structures or parts of structures made of unreinforced concrete, but before the invention of the bottle vibrator it was also used for structures made of reinforced concrete .

history

In front the stamped concrete aqueduct (1885) over the Murg in the northern Black Forest, behind it a modern reinforced concrete bridge along the B 462

The stamped concrete was invented by the French architect and engineer François Martin Lebrun in the late 1820s. He combined the traditional technique of pisé , in which clay is tamped into formwork, from which walls are built, with a mixture of hydraulic lime, sand and gravel. For the right mix he used the recipe from Louis-Joseph Vicat , which he further developed experimentally. He used this concrete for the first time in the construction of the house for his brother, the Villa Lebrun , in Marssac-sur-Tarn, the first completely concrete building since ancient times . He used concrete on a large scale in the construction of the town hall of Gaillac : the basement of the building, including the vaults, was made of stamped concrete. The town hall is the first modern public building in the world in which this building material has been reused on a large scale. Lebrun also built several rammed concrete bridges.

The first large rammed concrete bridges were the aqueduct bridges over the Yonne and the Loing , which were built by Eugène Belgrand between 1866 and 1874 for the water supply of Paris.

In Germany, Lebrun's work was well known in the specialist literature, but was only adopted relatively late. In 1882, a 9.80 meter long segment arch bridge made of rammed concrete was built in Seifersdorf on the route of the Weißeritztalbahn by the company Dyckerhoff & Widmann . The first large bridge with this method in Germany was built in 1885 in the northern Black Forest over the Murg between Langenbrand and Weisenbach . The 40 meter long aqueduct over the Murg ( ▼ ), designed by the engineer K. von Müller, directed water that was branched off above a Murg loop from a mine tunnel to the power plant of the paper mill E. Holtzmann & Cie. The canal bridge has been a listed building since 1979, the water is now routed over the bridge in a pipeline. The Munderking Danube Bridge , built in 1893 in Munderkingen over the Danube and destroyed in 1945, had a three-hinged arch spanning 50 meters . The two upper Iller bridges in Kempten made of stamped concrete are the largest in the world.

Since bridges nowadays have to withstand higher loads, the technology of building with concrete has been further developed. Reinforced reinforced concrete is common today.

Current structures

The Brother Klaus Field Chapel by Peter Zumthor

A current and prominent example of a structure made of stamped concrete is the “ Brother Klaus Field Chapel ” in Wachendorf by the Swiss architect Peter Zumthor . It enclosed a conical wooden frame with a polygonal shell made of stamped concrete, which was built up layer by layer from reddish-yellow sand, river gravel and white cement. The wooden scaffolding was then set on fire and charred as a 'lost' internal formwork. What was left was a soot-blackened interior.

Another current example is the Sparrenburg visitor center in Bielefeld , which opened on September 17, 2014 . The single-storey building was designed by the Berlin architect Max Dudler and houses a ticket counter, the museum shop and a kiosk on just under 80 m 2 . The stamped concrete facade is similar in color and structure to the medieval masonry of the castle and is reminiscent of natural layers of sediment.

Stamped concrete was also used for the formative side walls of the Carmen Würth Forum by David Chipperfield near Künzelsau.

literature

  • Ferdinand Werner : The long way to new building . Wernersche Verlagsgesellschaft, Worms 2016. ISBN 978-3-88462-372-5
    • Volume 1: Concrete: 43 men invent the future .
    • Volume 2: cement and artificial stone. The triumph of the imagination .

Individual evidence

  1. ^ Clemens Kieser, Karlfriedrich Ohr, Wolfgang Stopfel, Martin Walter: Art and cultural monuments in the Rastatt district and in Baden-Baden. Konrad-Theiss Verlag, Stuttgart 2002, ISBN 3-8062-1599-5 , p. 186.
  2. ↑ Aqueduct over the Murg near Langenbrand on structurae.de
  3. ^ Donaubrücke Munderkingen on structurae.de
  4. ↑ Illerbrücke near Kempten on structurae.de
  5. ↑ Hashagen, Ulf: Circa 1903: Scientific and technical artifacts in the founding time of the Deutsches Museum, Munich: Deutsches Museum, 2003, ISBN 3924183457
  6. ↑ Article from the journal: werk, build + Wohnen, ISSN  0257-9332 , vol .: 95/62, No. 3, 2008, pp. 17-23
  7. ↑ Brother Klaus Chapel near Wachendorf ( memento of the original from September 26, 2011 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link has been inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.mechernich.de
  8. ↑ Tagesspiegel: In Gottes Dienst, May 7, 2007 ( Memento of May 18, 2007 in the Internet Archive )
  9. ↑ Virginia Zangs: Living Structure - Sparrenburg Visitor Center. DETAIL The architecture portal , September 24, 2014
  10. ↑ Sparrenburg visitor center , Archi Lovers , pub. 11/25/2014, images: Stefan Müller