Abessive

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The abessive is a case in Finno-Ugric languages that denotes the non-existence. The name of the case comes from the Latin word abesse "to be absent".

In German , the meaning of this case corresponds to the accusative with the preposition without .

Alternative technical terms are charity (from the Latin carēre “to abstain”) or privative (from the Latin privāre “to rob”), but this term is also used for affixes that serve the same purpose but do not represent a case, see privative . One speaks of charity especially in Caucasian languages .

Other languages ​​of the world also have such forms, partly as a case, partly as adjective suffixes .

Finnish

In Finnish it has the endings -tta or -ttä. Eg talotta “without a house”, syyttä “without a reason”. The ending is based on the vowel harmony . In the case of words with a change in level , the ending is added to the "weak" level. In today's Finnish, the abessive is used relatively rarely and is mostly replaced by the preposition ilman with the partitive or expressed as a noun (for example rahaton "person without money"; koditon "person without a home", "homeless"). The personal pronouns are completely without an abessive, such as B. ilman meitä "without us" instead of meittä .

The infinitive III of Finnish can be used with some local casus as well as with the abessive, such as B. antamatta "without giving".

Estonian

In Estonian , the abessive has the endings -ta or -teta or -deta in the plural. For example rahata "without money".

Mordovian

In Mordovian , the abessive has the endings -втомо (Ersja) or -фтома (Mokscha).

Adjective suffixes

Here are some languages ​​listed in which adjective suffixes are used, but whose translation is partly with the preposition "ohne" and therefore looks like a case. These affixes, which can also appear as prefixes, are called privatives .

Hungarian

In Hungarian there is no ending that would express the abessive. The ending -etlen or -atlan transforms the noun into an adjective and means something like "-los". The abessive is expressed by the postposition nélkül .

Turkish

The abessive is also missing in Turkish . It is a derivation suffix that occurs in one of the four variants -siz / -sız / -suz / -süz because of the vowel harmony. For example, araba means the chariot, araba sız , without chariot '; ev is the house / apartment, ev siz means 'homeless', but can also mean 'homeless' or even 'homeless' ( evsizler would then be the plural). So the suffix expresses the opposite of the ending -li .

swell

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