Alexei Alexejewitsch Troitsky

around 1913

around 1928

around 1930

Alexei Alexejewitsch Troizki ( Russian Алексей Алексе́евич Тро́ицкий , scientific transliteration Aleksej Alekséevič Tróickij ; born March 14, 1866 in Saint Petersburg ; † August 14, 1942 in Leningrad ) was a Russian chess composer and author.

Life

Troitsky is considered to be the founder of modern chess studies . His first chess problem was printed in 1893, and his first study followed in 1895. He published a total of 750 studies and 50 tasks (joke tasks and retro-analyzes ). There were three creative periods in his life.

At the beginning of his work as a composer (1895-1901), he dealt with the current study ideas ( Figure Fang , Domination, inclusion of figures positional draw , Matt - and stalemate combinations , task topics) that vorzeichneten the entire further development path of the chess study. His early works were characterized by originality and depth of thought.

During his study period (1905–1917) he developed the basics of the theory of study composition, which are still valid today. He deepened previously tackled topics (systematic movement, sub-metamorphosis , struggle of different groupings of figures, synthesis of different ideas, etc.).

In the third phase of his work (1924–1942) he perfected the topics he had already worked on. Troitsky's main merit is that he saw the chess study as part of a game of chess (not just the endgame). He gave her liveliness in the figure play and naturalness in the form. Troizki's studies set standards in the game, with numerous variants, silent features, hidden threats. All of these elements were organically linked together and subordinated to a single goal. In 1928 he was honored as the first chess composer in the USSR with the title of Honored Artist , in 1934 he became a master of the sport of the USSR for chess composition.

composition

Alexei
Troitsky Schachmatny Listok 1925

	a	b	c	d	e	f	G	H
8th									8th
7th									7th
6th									6th
5									5
4th									4th
3									3
2									2
1									1
	a	b	c	d	e	f	G	H

White to move wins

Solution:

1. b6 – b7 Rf4 – g4 +
2. Kg1 – f2 Rg4 – g8
3. d5 – d6 Kd3 – c4
4. d6 – d7 Kc4 – b5
5. d7 – d8D Rg8xd8
6. Be7xd8 Kb5 – a6
7. b7– b8L !! Sub-transformation and profit
For example after 7.… Kb7 8. Be5 Kc8 9. Be7 Kd7 10.B7d6 Ke6 11. Kf3 a5 12. Kf4 a4 13. Ba3 Kf7 14. Kf5 Kg8 15. Kf6! Kh8 16. Kf7 mate
Not 7. b7 – b8S +? Kb7 8.Nd7 Kc8 9.Nf6 Kxd8 10.Nxh7 Ke7! 11. Ng5 Kf6 with a draw. Also not 7. Kf3 Kxb7 8. Kf4 Kc8 9. Ba5 Kd7 10. Kf5 Ke8 11. Kf6 Kf8 with a draw.

Another interesting study by Troitsky can be found under Example of a Tower Fork .

theorist

Troizki examined the final two knights against pawns at a young age . The first results were published in 1906 in the Deutsche Schachzeitung and summarized in his book published in 1934. The so-called Troitski line was named after him, which essentially indicates a limit for the pawn's row up to which this endgame can generally be won.

	a	b	c	d	e	f	G	H
8th									8th
7th									7th
6th									6th
5									5
4th									4th
3									3
2									2
1									1
	a	b	c	d	e	f	G	H

Troitsky line

The diagram opposite shows the Troitski line. In an endgame with a king and two knights against a king and a pawn, white wins if black has pushed his pawn into at most one of the squares marked with a black pawn and the pawn is blocked by a white knight who cannot be driven away. However, the 50 move rule can potentially prevent a win in a game.

Private

Troitsky worked in forestry. As he himself wrote, all of his chess materials were lost twice. The first time in 1908 in a fire and the second time in the revolutionary year of 1917. For his book published in 1924, he reconstructed numerous studies from memory. This explains the relatively high number of deviations in position (associated with defects) and publication dates of his early studies.

Alexei Troitsky died during the Leningrad blockade .

literature

• А. Е. Карпов (гл. Ред.): Шахматы энциклопедический словарь. Советская энциклопедия, Москва 1990, ISBN 5-85270-005-3
• A. Troitzki: 500 endgame studies . Schachverlag Bernhard Kagan, Berlin s. a. 1924, ISBN 1-114-59188-2
• А. А. Троицкий: Сборник шахматных этюдов. ОГИЗ Физкультура и туризм, Ленинград 1934

Individual evidence

1. ^ WN Platow: AA Troitski. In: 64 - schachmaty i schaschki v rabotschem klube , No. 18, September 20, 1928, pp. 1–3
2. ↑ Die Schwalbe , No. 12, December, 1928, p. 150
3. ^ A. Troitzki: 500 endgame studies. Schachverlag Bernhard Kagan, Berlin s. a., p. 6
4. ↑ Bernd Rosen: Practical Chess History . In: JugendSchach , 03/2003, p. 22. There according to information from: Rainer Knaak, Burkhard Starke: A long chess century . Beyer Verlag, 2002

Web links

Commons : Alexei Alexejewitsch Troitski  - collection of pictures, videos and audio files

• Compositions by Alexei Alexejewitsch Troizki on the Schwalbe's PDB server