Andragogy

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Andragogy (from ancient Greek ἀνήρ Aner , German , man ' and ἄγειν agein , lead, carry, push, pull') is the science that deals with the understanding and design of lifelong education is concerned the adult. This includes all areas, from professional to social, political and cultural education to the development of one's own personality . The methods are geared towards independent, responsible adults.

Andragogy is part of agogic , which also includes pedagogy (children and young people) and geragogy (seniors). While scientists like Jost Reischmann used to classify adult education as part of andragogy, the terms adult education , further training and andragogy are increasingly used synonymously in specialist literature .

term

First mention of "andragogy"

The first mention of the term andragogy can be found in Alexander Kapp (1833): Platon's Erziehungslehre, as pedagogy for the individual and as state pedagogy. The term was then reinvented in the 1920s - as in Rosenstock (e.g. 1929, p. 359), and in Picht, von Erdberg and Flitner - albeit with different connotations.

From the middle of the 20th century, "andragogy" is increasingly used internationally, for example von Hanselmann in Switzerland in 1951, Ogrizovic in 1956 in Yugoslavia, ten Have in 1959 in Holland. From 1969 the Yugoslav adult education magazine appears under the title Andragogija . Goncharov introduced the term "andragogy" in 1975 in the Soviet Union. In Finland, an extensive discussion about the conceptualization of EB science is emerging, mainly through Alanen. In 1990 the Katedra sociologie a andragogiky was established at the Palacký University in Olomouc (Czech Republic) . The Charles University in Prague (Czech Republic) has a Katedra andragogiky a personálního řízení. In 1993 the Andragoski Center Republike Slovenije was founded in Slovenia with the Andragoska Spoznanja magazine . Venezuela has the Instituto Internacional de Andragogia . The Adult & Continuing Education Society of Korea has been publishing the journal Andragogy today since 1998 .

In andragogy, both empirical and hermeneutical research directions can be distinguished. Edward Lee Thorndike ( Adult Learning , 1928) is considered the first empiricist . Eduard C. Lindemann ( The Meaning of Adult Education , 1926) is one of the hermeneutic scientists . Andragogy received fruitful impulses from the most varied of disciplines, in particular from clinical psychology , sociology , social psychology and philosophy .

The American discussion of andragogy is shaped by the work of Malcolm Knowles , who emphasizes the importance of self-directed learning . Corresponding basic assumptions about adult learning are that they:

  • have a strong desire for self-directed learning,
  • want to bring their experiences into the learning process,
  • want to prove their willingness to learn themselves,
  • want to learn to solve the problems of their everyday life.

The term andragogy has existed at the Otto Friedrich University in Bamberg since the 1970s . In 1995 the “Chair for Adult Education” was renamed “Chair for Andragogy”, which has since been replaced by a professorship for “Continuing Education”. Former professor (1993 to 2008) is Jost Reischmann, who is also internationally dedicated to andragogy. Werner Faber previously held the chair (1977 to 1993).

Reason

Jost Reischmann cites three main reasons for using andragogy as a scientific term:

  1. Andragogy as the “science of adult education” focuses on the scientific perspective. It is argued that it contributes to the identity and clarification of the specific task of a science and to conceptual clarity to use two different terms for the practical area (= adult education, further education) and science (= andragogy).
  2. Andragogy broadens (unlike "adult education") the view of the breadth and diversity of all adult changes based on learning / education, informal adult education, different forms of self-education and self-organized learning - also beyond organized and institutionalized adult or further education ("life width Education “- Reischmann 2002).
  3. The job title “Andragoge” offers graduates of a corresponding degree program a unique selling point, identity and self-confidence on the job market. “Anyone” can be “adult educator” or “further educator” or “trainer”. "Andragogy" thus contributes to the professionalization of this area and to strengthening the graduates.

criticism

Objections to “andragogy” are raised because of semantic concerns (both against “man” and “lead”). The generalization of the term “man” to all people has been customary in the German-speaking area for centuries, but it is incorrectly applied to ancient Greek as a technical language. Such is the term "andragogy" "; but also" Android "(the man-like) was used to describe a human-like machine as early as the 18th century.

The correct translation of the above terms should be ἀνθρωπαγωγία (anthropagogy / anthropagogy) and ἀνθρωποειδείς (anthropoid). Whereas the translation “lead, guide, train” is absolutely correct. In this respect, the German term adult education or the science of adult education is suitable, but less “adult education”, because the partial words “adult” and παῖς (child) clash here. Alternatively, we should consistently speak of Andra and Gynaegogics in adult education in order to include women. It is also criticized that andragogy was variously constructed as an aggressive counter-term to pedagogy.

Currently, the term “andragogy” is used less and less in Germany; But it also plays a subordinate role in other countries, such as the USA, Hungary, Serbia and the Czech Republic, but always in the context of adult and continuing education . For, compared to "Education" and pedagogy , says that Google brings about 72,000 certificates for the German term "andragogy" low importance of the term, and for the English andragogy only about 317,000 throughout the English-speaking world.

In Switzerland and partly also in Germany, people with cognitive impairments often use the term special education in adult education in order to differentiate themselves from special education for children.

See also

literature

  • Rolf Arnold; Horst Siebert: Constructivist adult education. 5th edition. Schneider Verlag Hohengehren, Baltmannsweiler 2006, ISBN 978-3-8340-0147-4 .
  • Alexander Kapp: Platon's educational theory, as pedagogy for the individual and as state pedagogy. Publishing house Ferdinand Eßmann, Minden and Leipzig 1833.
  • Malcolm Shepherd Knowles: The Adult Learner. Fifth Edition. Gulf Professional Publishing, Houston 1998.
  • Lothar Krapohl: Adult Education. Spontaneity and planning Aachen 1987, ISBN 3-9801175-1-0 (= writings of the Institute for Consulting and Supervision , Volume 2, also dissertation at RWTH Aachen 1987).
  • Ruth Meyer: Teaching Compact - From the specialist to the teacher. Hep, Bern 2004, ISBN 978-3-03-905096-3 .
  • Jost Reischmann: Andragogy - Science of the education of adults. Old name for a new thing. In: Supplement to the report. Karin Derichs-Kunstmann, Peter Faulstich, Rudolf Tippelt (eds.): Qualification of the staff in adult education . DIE , Frankfurt am Main 1996, pp. 14-20. ISBN 3-88513-654-6 .
  • Jost Reischmann: Andragogy - Contributions to theory and didactics . ZIEL-Verlag, Augsburg, 2016, ISBN 978-3-944708-47-8
  • Eugen Rosenstock: Symbol and custom as forces of life. In: Die Erbildung , (1929), 4th vol., H. 6, pp. 341–361.
  • Walter Schoger: Andragogy? To justify a discipline from adult education / further training . Schneider Verlag Hohengehren, Baltmannsweiler 2004, ISBN 3-89676-839-5

Web links

Wiktionary: Andragogy  - explanations of meanings, word origins, synonyms, translations

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ Jost Reischmann: Andragogy - Science of the lifelong and lifelong education of adults. In: Björn Paape, Karl Pütz (Hrsg.): The future of lifelong learning / The Future of Lifelong Learning: Festschrift for the 75th birthday of Franz Pöggeler. Lang, Frankfurt am Main 2002, pp. 59-81, ISBN 3-631-39087-4 .
  2. ^ Andragogika ( Memento from March 21, 2014 in the Internet Archive )
  3. ↑ Katedra andragogiky a personálního řízení
  4. ↑ Jost Reischmann: Why andragogy?
  5. ↑ Jost Reischmann: Andragogy? Andragogy! Farewell Lecture 2008 (pdf; 2.5 MB)