Apollonia (Mysia)
Coordinates: 40 ° 10 ′ 0 ″ N , 28 ° 36 ′ 0 ″ E
Apollonia am Rhyndakos (Latin: Apollonia ad Rhyndacum ; today Gölyazı am Uluabat Gölü (Lacus Apolloniatis) near Bursa ; formerly Apolyont, Apolynt) is an ancient place in Mysia ( Asia Minor ).
history
Despite the middle of the 2nd century BC After recognition as Milesian Apoikia , Apollonia was probably a Pergamene colony, named after Apollonis, the mother of Attalus II. In Roman times it was a taxable city ( civitas stipendiaria ) in the province of Asia . In the 1st century BC Apollonia was temporarily dependent on Kyzikos .
In Byzantine times, the city was a kastron and bishopric in the metropolitan area of Nicomedia , also called Theotokiana. In the 11th century it was briefly taken by the Seljuks , then byzantine again, and Ottoman since the 14th century; a Greek population remained until 1922/23.
Location and archeology
Apollonia was on two hills on / in Uluabat Gölü. Today the lake has an area of 135 to 160 km², depending on the water level, but only an average water depth of 3 m. On the first hill (St. George's Hill) there is a Byzantine fortification. Another such fortification on the second hill was possibly built on a previous Hellenistic building, using numerous imperial spoils.
A Byzantine wall dates from the early Middle Ages (8th – 10th centuries?).
There is a large three-nave post-Byzantine church and a small one-room church in the village, and a Byzantine domed church on the offshore Constantine Island (Manastır Adası).
literature
- Gustav Hirschfeld : Apollonia (15) . In: Paulys Realencyclopadie der classischen Antiquity Science (RE). Volume II, 1, Stuttgart 1895, column 115.
- Frederick William Hasluck : Cyzicus, being some account of the history and antiquities of that city, and of the district adjacent to it, with the towns of Apollonia ad Rhyndacum, Miletupolis, Hadrianutherae, Priapus, Zeleia, etc. Cambridge 1910, p. 68 -72 (plan).
- Cyril Mango : The Monastery of St. Constantine on Lake Apolyont. In: Dumbarton Oaks Papers 33 (1979), pp. 329-333.
- Louis Robert : A travers l'Asie Mineure. Athens 1980, pp. 93-98.
- Clive Foss, David Winfield: Byzantine Fortifications. An Introduction. Pretoria 1986, p. 139, ISBN 0-86981-321-8 .
- S. Yildiz Ötüken u. a .: Türkiye'de Vakıf Abideler ve Eski Eserler. Volume 4. Ankara 1986, pp. 16-22.
- Norbert Ehrhardt : Miletus and its colonies. 2nd Edition. Frankfurt am Main 1988, pp. 44-47, ISBN 3-8204-1505-X
- Andreas Abmeier: On the history of Apollonia on the Rhyndakos. In: Elmar Schwertheim (Ed.): Mysische Studien. Bonn 1990 ( Asia Minor Studies 1), pp. 1-16.
- Yildiz Ötüken: Research in Northwest Asia Minor. Ancient and Byzantine monuments in Bursa Province. Tübingen 1996, pp. 5, 14, 40-41, ISBN 3-8030-1740-8 .
- Bernard Geyer et al. (Ed.): La Bithynie au Moyen Âge. Paris 2003, pp. 382-383, 547, index sv
- Serdar Aybek, Ali K. Öz: Preliminary Report of the Archaeological Survey at Apollonia ad Rhyndacum in Mysia. In: Anadolu / Anatolia 27 (2004) pp. 1-25