Uluabat Gölü

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Uluabat Gölü
Ulubat Gölü.JPG
Geographical location Bursa Province , Turkey
Tributaries Mustafakemalpasa Cayi
Drain Uluabat Deresi
Islands 8th
Places on the shore Several places like Akçapınar, Eskikaraağaç , Fadılı, Gölkıyı, Gölyazı , Uluabat
Data
Coordinates 40 ° 10 '31 "  N , 28 ° 35' 29"  E Coordinates: 40 ° 10 '31 "  N , 28 ° 35' 29"  E
Map of Uluabat Gölü
Altitude above sea level 8  m
surface 135 to 160 km²dep1
length 23 to 24 kmdep1
width 12 km
Maximum depth 10 m
Middle deep 3 m
Catchment area 10,500 km²
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The Uluabat Gölü , also Apolyont Gölü , is a body of water in the vastness of the province of Bursa in the Marmara region . The large lake covers an area of ​​135 to 160 km², depending on the water level, but is a shallow lake with an average depth of three meters. The roughly triangular lake has a west-east extension of 23-24 km and is 12 km long from north to south. The lake was created by tectonic subsidence in the region.

Geology and hydrology

The Uluabat Gölü is located together with the neighboring Manyas Gölü to the west in a geologically young tectonic depression zone, which is called the Manyas Uluabat Basin (MUB) or South Marmara Basin. This basin began to sink in from the late Miocene in connection with Alpine tectonics. At least the most recent phase of the basin development (late Pliocene to today) is unanimously attributed in the literature to the activity of the North Anatolian Fault Zone (NAFZ), a transform disorder with a dextral sense of movement that limits the Anatolian small plate to the north against the Eurasian plate . In contrast, the subsidence (subsidence) of the early basin phase (late Miocene to early Pliocene) is partially linked to an older fault system, the Thrace-Eskişehir fault zone (TEFZ). The thickness of the neogene sediments deposited by the rivers (fluviatil) and the lakes (lakustrin) , which make up the main part of the basin filling, is locally up to 400 m. Lacustrine sediments from the Quaternary period overlap the Neogene in an angular discordant manner as a result of an inversion phase in the early Pliocene and are only distributed in the pelvic center (i.e. in the MUB sensu stricto ).

There are eight islands in Uluabat Gölü, a ninth is a peninsula or an island depending on the water level. The largest island is Halilbey Island, which has a medieval fortification. The Mustafakemalpasa Cayi - a section of the ancient Rhyndakos - feeds the lake and flows into the Uluabat in the southwest. In addition, a small part of the water comes from precipitation and underground karst springs . The Uluabat Deresi , which emerges in the west of the lake and flows over the Susurluk Çayı into the Marmara Sea , acts as a drain .

According to measurements, the average annual rainfall is 650 mm with a minimum in August (10.6 mm) and a maximum in December (104.9 mm). Most of the water evaporates in August with 172.1 mm, while it is the least in March (1.2 mm). The pH value of the water varies between 7.45 and 10.60. The high pH value can be explained by the extensive limestone at the lake. The northern part of the lake is basic, while the water at the mouth of the Mustafakemalpasa Cayi is neutral.

Ecology and environmental protection

Most of the shore is lined with aquatic plants such as reeds , swamp zest , rushes and knot grass, and this is where the largest abundance of white water lilies in Turkey can be found. Since the Uluabat lies on a migration route of migratory birds, there are rich occurrences of different, partly endangered bird species. In 1996, around 430,000 birds were counted, making the lake an important bird breeding area. The birds that breed here include the pygmy pinto , bog duck , whitebeard tern and the Dalmatian pelican . According to a count of the Turkish Environmental Protection Society DHKD (Doğal Hayatı Koruma Derneği) In 1998, bred by the lake 823 couples Pygmy, 105 pairs night heron , 109 pairs Rallenreiher and 48 pairs Löffler . In the lake there are 21 different types of fish such as carp , rudd , pike , catfish and eel. There are also a number of mammals such as badgers, otters , brown-breasted hedgehogs , golden jackals , martens, wild boars , weasels and house shrews. The fauna is rounded off by amphibians and reptiles.

Uluabat Gölü has been part of the Ramsar Convention for the Protection of Wetlands since 1998 .

At the entrance to Mustafakemalpasa Cayi, a large delta with small islands on which reeds and willows grow has formed due to the floating debris. Parts of this fertile soil were cut off, drained and made usable for agriculture and animal husbandry.

The river is heavily polluted and, despite Ramsar joining a few years ago, no progress has been made in this regard. Due to the industrialization of the nearby cities, sewage from z. B. Tanneries and canning factories across Mustafakemalpasa Cayi into the lake.

Settlement and History

Traces of settlement on the lake go back to 1200 BC. BC back. The lake was part of the Bithynian landscape . The classic Greek name Apolloniatis ( Απολλωνιάτις ) was derived from the town of Apollonia ad Rhyndacum (now the village of Gölyazı ) on the northeastern shore of the lake. The region was known for keeping silkworms for centuries. With the advent of synthetic fibers, this industry died out. The main source of income for today's 17 villages around the lake is fishing. North of the lake is the D200 expressway from Bursa to Çanakkale . Major cities nearby are Mustafakemalpaşa and Karacabey .

The old Apollonia ad Rhyndacum was on a peninsula in the northeast corner of the lake. Ancient and medieval remains of the city are known today as Taş Kapı (remains of the castle) and Deliktaş (probably remains of an aqueduct), and there are also ruins of a theater. On the island of Kız Adası to the west of the village there are the remains of a temple of Apollo . The Hagios Georgios Church dates from the 19th century, replacing the old destroyed church of the same name. The city's originally Greek population was mixed with Turks during the Ottoman Empire from the 14th century. After the First World War , as part of the population exchange between Greece and Turkey, the last Greeks were expelled and Turkish immigrants from Thessaloniki settled in their place . A mosque and a hammam of unknown age bear witness to the Ottoman period .

On the second largest, now uninhabited island of Manastır Adası, there has been the monastery of St. Konstantin (Hagios Konstantinos) since the time of the Byzantine Empire , of which ruins can still be seen today. The plant was operated until modern times. The founding date of the monastery is unknown because large parts of the monastery were replaced during an extensive restoration at the end of the 18th and beginning of the 19th century. It has been known under the name of St. Constantine since the 16th century. Reports and tales from the 9th century about a monastery on the lake could refer to St. Constantine, but according to Cyril Mango they are not reliable. The monastery is essentially a cross-domed church , but in contrast to the typical Byzantine churches of the time, it has two apses facing east and west.

Other classic names for the lake were Lacus Apolloniatis and Lake Artynia .

gallery

  • The lake as seen from Gölyazı

  • Another view of the lake

  • Ancient remains in Gölyazı / Apollonia

  • Roundabout in the center of Karacabey

Web links

Commons : Uluabat Gölü  - collection of images, videos and audio files

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ Ali Mehmet Celâl Şengör et al.
  2. ^ Ali Mehmet Celâl Şengör et al .; Cenk Yaltırak
  3. ↑ Cenk Yaltırak
  4. ↑ Cenk Yaltırak; Naci Görür et al.
  5. ↑ Turoğlu & Cürebal, p 63
  6. ↑ Bahar Suseven, p 54
  7. ↑ Bahar Suseven, p 55
  8. ^ Ramsar List . Ramsar.org. Retrieved February 8, 2014.
  9. ↑ Bahar Suseven, p.9
  10. ↑ Bahar Suseven, p.7
  11. ↑ Aybek & Öz, p. 3
  12. ↑ Aybek & Öz, p. 6
  13. ↑ Cyril Mango, p. 332
  14. ↑ Cyril Mango, p. 332
  15. ↑ Cyril Mango, p. 333