Appenzell farmhouse
The Appenzell farmhouse as a traditional courtyard form of the Appenzellerland has independent building types within the group of forms of the Swiss farmhouse . This is also used in the bourgeois designs, which is why the term Appenzellerhaus is more general .
Common design language
The area is a typical area of scattered settlement , with homesteads in solitary locations , the villages are a young development. In principle, the courtyards in the room are south-facing, so the room side faces south (and not to the east, as in the Bavarian-Austrian region).
A characteristic feature are the ribbon windows , the facade is divided into closely, mostly in series, relatively large individual windows that are only interrupted by wall surfaces at the inner wall approaches. In the vertical plane, the wall surfaces, which are often covered with wood, and the rows of windows take up roughly the same space. The Appenzellerhaus is traditionally built in log construction, but with the structure of the facade, which is unusual for log houses, it takes up the forms of the post- and- beam construction to the north and the half-timbered house native to the Lake Constance region . The surrounding balcony , as is common all around, is missing in the Appenzell region. The transversely striped facade structure is emphasized by continuous small window canopy strips and, if desired, by a contrasting color scheme.
The wide rows of windows with sunken shutters allow better light for home weaving not only in the 15th to 17th centuries, but well into the 19th century: In almost every house, especially in the canton of Appenzell Ausserrhoden, there was a loom for production Textile industry in Eastern Switzerland . At that time, large parts of the population no longer had their own land for agriculture.
The traditional colors of the Appenzell farmhouse seem to be based on insects; the house is kept in colors that were not considered interesting for wood pests. For example, the red coloring in ox blood was widespread at times .
Pagan house
The oldest surviving shape in the room is the Heidenhaus - the name is derived from the fact that it should come from pre-Christian times, it is definitely the design that has been known since the High Middle Ages . It is characterized by a closed one-courtyard shape and a flat, stone-weighted board shingle roof in eaves position , a gable roof with a ridge angle of around 130 °, which is called the `` Tatschdach ''. Houses of this type have naturally become rare.
Tatschdachhaus
From around 1600, in the course of the early modern era, the Tatsch roof began to become steeper and covered with smaller leg shingles (the roof reached a 90 ° ridge angle in the middle of the 17th century, and nailed shingles and then tile roofing were increasingly found). The front of the room is shifted to the gable side, a ridge chamber is created in the attic - which is usually the servant's living room . This type of building is then called the “ Tatschdachhaus ”. An early date can be found here in 1539 in Hof Lortanne in Teufen .
Weberhöckli
The small weaver's house is a development of the shift to the home trade, it is a small craftsman's house without agriculture, therefore without an economic wing. It is consistently only one-story with a ridge chamber, characteristic is the weaving cellar with the windows close to the floor. In Ausserrhoden this can also be found at the farms throughout, but is missing in Innerrhoden.
Cross-gabled house
The Kreuzgiebelhof is the building method that characterizes the landscape of the Appenzellerland today. The utility wing (utility building) is attached to the eaves, i.e. along the side of the house. The resulting T-shaped layout with the most first same attack point ( cross gable ) allows to make room front as well as economics tract in the sun as well as larger farms.
This 19th century design has largely replaced the older courtyard forms. The roof of the classic Toggenburg house differs typologically from that of the Appenzell house.
Town houses
The community center of the Appenzellerland remains closely linked to the design language of the farmhouses. By adopting the stately architectural styles of Baroque and Classicism , the local form of the historic Swiss style is created , which is still characterized by the characteristic ribbon windows.
Reception of modernity and renovations
In Appenzellerland, not only were other buildings built in this tradition without the operational necessity of a courtyard, but rather, out of respect for the building landscape, new superstructures in the traditional form with the crossed gable and the banded facade structure are being carried out, although the construction costs are greater. In the context of the new Alpine architecture , wood construction is also gaining in popularity again.
The lightning rods that were omnipresent decades ago and which run as high rods connected by wire over the entire length of the roof are increasingly disappearing. Since it is generally a separate farmstead ( scattered settlement ), the Appenzell farmhouse is always threatened by lightning, and in an emergency, the fire brigade will always take a little longer to get there.
Web links
- Appenzell farmhouse, on the website of the canton of Appenzell Innerrhoden
- Forum Appenzellerhaus - website for preserving the structural shape in contemporary architecture
Individual evidence
- ↑ a b c d e f g h The Appenzellerhaus in Teufen. The development of the Appenzell farm and town house. In: Tüüfner Poscht , April 2000, p. 16 f (pdf, tposcht.ch, there p. 11)
- ↑ Karin von Wietersheim Eskioglou: The Swiss style and the development of modern Swiss wooden house construction . Dissertation from the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Zurich, ETH No. 15542. Zurich 2004, p. 24 ( pdf , 39 MB, ethz.ch - there p. 29; work mainly on structural engineering).
- ↑ cf. von Wietersheim Eskioglou: Der Schweizer Stil… 2004, Fig. 11 The diversity of typical local house forms in Switzerland in approximate location and Fig. 12 Distribution map of building materials and construction methods in Switzerland , p. 23 (there p. 29).
- ↑ compare the bottom line of the window in the input image
- ^ Isabell Hermann: The farmhouses of both Appenzell . Appenzeller Verlag, Herisau 2004, ISBN 978-3-85882-387-8 , p. 352 .
- ^ Jost Kirchgraber: The rural Toggenburg house and its culture . In the upper Thur and Neckertal in the period between 1648 and 1798. VGS Verlagsgenossenschaft, St. Gallen 1990, ISBN 978-3-7291-1056-4 , p. 31 .
- ↑ Article about Appenzell architecture in "Eastern Switzerland" ( Memento of the original from April 7, 2014 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was automatically inserted and not yet checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.
- ↑ cf. von Wietersheim Eskioglou: Der Schweizer Stil… 2004, Fig. 108 There are three upheavals in timber construction. The first through the Swiss wood style [1830], the second through modernity [1920] and the third through a revival in our time [1980], although the amount of wood used is rapidly decreasing. , S. 145 (there p. 151; on a dendrochronological examination of wood samples in the canton of Zurich; years of the illustration added to the text).
