Articella

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The Articella in the manuscript Rome, Biblioteca Apostolica Vaticana, Vaticanus Palatinus lat. 1102, fol. 3r (14th century)

The Articella ("small art") is a canon (a kind of curriculum ) of medical writings that was created in the 11th century at the Schola Medica Salernitana , the former hospice of the Monte Cassino monastery . The Articella developed over centuries as "the first university textbook on medicine" (Keil, 2005) to form the basis of European medical education :

Fonts contained in the Articella:

  • Ḥunain ibn Isḥāq (Johannitius): Isagogue in artem parvam Galeni
  • Hippocratic aphorisms with commentary by Galenus
  • Prognosticon of Hippocrates, probably translated from the Greek or Arabic.
  • Regimen acutorum (morborum) (= De diaeta in morbis acutis ). Hippocratic with commentary by Galenus (translated from Arabic by Gerhard von Cremona or - according to Kristeller less likely - by Constantinus Africanus)
  • Pulse writing of Philaret (os), translated from the Greek
  • Theophilus' original script, translated from the Greek
  • Tegni Galeni (= Ars parva ), translated from the Greek by Constantinus Africanus, with commentary by ʿAli ibn Ridwān, translated from the Arabic by Gerard of Cremona.

In the early Middle Ages, the Christian doctor and scholar Hunayn ibn Ishaq (808–873), who was better known in the West as Ioannitius, created a comprehensive presentation of classical Greek medicine in Baghdad . Its synthesis is based on the Ars Medica ( Techne iatrike ) of the Greek physician and naturalist Galenos of Pergamon (129-216), which was known in Europe as the Isagoge Ioannitii ad Tegni Galieni (Johannitus introduction Ad Artem Parvam Galeni).

Constantine the African (1017-1083) created compendia ( textbooks and reference works ) for the medical school of Salerno in the 11th century . a. also translated the work of Galenus from the Arabic into the Latin language. As several European universities further developed formal medical education in the mid-13th century, the demand for comprehensive textbooks grew. Lecturers from the influential Schola Medica Salernitana usually managed to incorporate other writings into their copies of the Isagogue. These included the “Prognosticon” and the “Aphorisms” by Hippocrates , “Liber de Urinis” by Theophilus , “Liber de Pulsibus” by Philaretus and many other classical works, most of which were also translated into Latin by Constantine the African.

Bartholomäus von Salerno was the first author known by name of an innovative collection of comments on the complete works of the "Articella" , which his students developed over several generations. 23 manuscripts for the Articella have been preserved in versions from the 12th to the 14th centuries.

Several handwritten versions of the anthology were in circulation among medical students between the 12th and 16th centuries . Between 1476 and 1534, printed editions of the Articella were also published in several European cities.

literature

Web links

Remarks

  1. ^ Richard J. Durling: Corrigenda and addenda to Diel's Galenica. In: Traditio. Volume 23, 1967, pp. 461-481; here: p. 463.
  2. ^ Richard J. Durling: Lectiones galenicae: Tέχνη ιατρική (Kühn, I, 305-412). In: Classical Philology. Volume 63, 1969, p. 56 f.
  3. ↑ The writing 'De adventu medici ad aegrotum' after the Salernitan doctor Archimatheus. Edited, translated and introduced by Hermann Grensemann . In: Würzburg medical history reports. Volume 14, 1996, pp. 233-251; here: p. 235.
  4. ↑ Thomas F. Glick, Steven John Livesey, Faith Wallis: Medieval science, technology, and medicine: an encyclopedia , pp. 53-54
  5. ↑ Thomas F. Glick, Steven John Livesey, Faith Wallis: Medieval science, technology, and medicine: an encyclopedia , p. 77