Outlanding
An outside landing refers to the landing of an aircraft outside of an airfield .
A deviation from certain airport operating regulations (runways, operating hours, operating restriction times) is also referred to as an outside landing.
In states with airfield forced , the landing at an airfield the rule, which fall out landing is the exception.
Authorized foreign landings are in particular emergency landings, safety landings, landings approved in advance, landings to rescue people, landings if the location of the landing cannot be determined in advance due to the characteristics of the aircraft ( e.g. motor gliders , gliders , hang-gliders or paragliders ) as well as other foreign landings without a permit after the respective national regulations.
Legal position
Germany
In Germany, airfields are compulsory .
A distinction is made between real outland landings and fake outland landings. While real outland landings take place outside of approved airfields, i.e. on open terrain, fake outland landings refer to landings on an airfield which, however, deviate from the airport operating regulations (runways, operating hours, operating restriction times) or if the airfield is not approved for the respective aircraft type is.
Unauthorized foreign landings can be punished as an administrative offense ( Section 58 Paragraph 1 No. 8a LuftVG ) or a criminal offense ( Section 60 Paragraph 1 No. 4 LuftVG).
The exceptions to the mandatory airport requirement are finally regulated in Section 25 (1) sentence 1 LuftVG and Section 25 (2) LuftVG (authorized foreign landings).
Previously approved foreign landings ( Section 25 (1) sentence 1 LuftVG)
Previously approved field landings are permitted. The permit comprises two required parts: the public law permit from the authority and the consent of the property owner as a civil part. If only one of the two parts is missing, the landing is unauthorized. The public law permit is usually issued by the state aviation authorities ( Section 18 (1) LuftVO ). It can be issued as an individual permit or as a general permit. A general permit is a permit under public law without prior individual examination. In administrative practice, the general license is only granted to professional aircraft pilots and is provided with a large number of restrictive ancillary provisions and reporting obligations. Regardless of the form, the public law permit does not replace the consent of the land owner.
Landing without a permit ( Section 25 (2) LuftVG)
Certain landings do not require a permit and do not require a permit under public law or approval under civil law ( Section 25 (2) sentence 1 LuftVG).
Landing location cannot be determined in advance due to the characteristics of the aircraft ( Section 25 Paragraph 2 Sentence 1 No. 1 LuftVG, Section 18 Paragraph 3 LuftVO)
Since the landing location of motor gliders, gliders , hang-gliders and paragliders cannot always be determined in advance, these landings do not require a permit.
Landing at the landing site in the public interest ( Section 25, Paragraph 2, Clause 1, No. 2 LuftVG)
Individual landings at a "Public Interest Site" (PIS) according to Art. 2 No. 3 of the European Flight Operations Ordinance , Regulation (EU) No. 965/2012 , do not require a permit within the meaning of Section 25 LuftVG. Nevertheless, the use of such a landing site requires the general approval of the Federal Aviation Office, especially if the facilitation of services in CAT.POL.H. 225 of the Flight Operations Ordinance is to be used ( Section 25 (4) LuftVG). As a rule, these are landing points at hospitals that are used exclusively as part of public rescue services.
Landing for rescuing people, safety landing and emergency landing ( Section 25 Paragraph 2 Sentence 1 No. 3 LuftVG)
Landings that are necessary for safety reasons are not permitted. The same applies to the restart after such a landing, with the exception of an emergency landing. An emergency landing is only considered if it occurs due to an air emergency .
Landings that are required to provide assistance in the event of danger to life or limb as well as restarting after such a landing are also not permitted. Rescue helicopter pilots regularly make use of this regulation, but other pilots can also refer to it. Rescue helicopters have per se no special rights to the outside landing.
Claims settlement
According to § 43 LuftVG, every aircraft operator must protect himself against damage caused by a foreign landing e.g. B. caused by the harvest of a field, insure. Once the owner of the property has been informed of the details of the insurance, he may not prevent the aircraft from being restarted or removed.
Motor planes / helicopters
Since motor-powered aircraft do not rely on energy gain from updrafts to cope with the flight route and can therefore freely choose the landing site, an outland landing is always a special and non-standard situation, for which there can be three reasons:
- Approved off-road landings : If there is a justified need for an off-road landing, a permit can be obtained from the aviation authority.
- Safety landing : A safety landing serves to avoid an impending emergency. This is the case if, due to an air situation, approaching an airport would be associated with additional, avoidable risks. This is e.g. As the case when a necessary for the operation of the aircraft unit shows signs of imminent failure or even if the pilots are ill should. After landing, the property owner must be identified and clarified about the situation - especially from an insurance point of view. The restart after a safety landing does not require a permit and must not be hindered.
- Emergency landing : An emergency landing differs from a safety landing in that an emergency has occurred and a safe onward flight is not possible. An emergency landing must be reported to the aviation authority. The restart may only take place after approval by them. To do this, it must be guaranteed that the aircraft is in a roadworthy and airworthy condition and that the take-off and take-off routes are free of safety risks.
For all safety landings and emergency landings with fixed-wing aircraft, the emergency code 7700 must be set in the transponder and an announcement made on the emergency frequency 121.500 MHz.
Gliders
Since gliders do not have a drive and therefore the next official landing facility cannot always be reached, landings of gliders are not an exception and are part of the training to become a glider pilot. Such a landing can always be necessary if the usable updrafts are no longer sufficient to continue the flight and if no suitable airfield is within reach. For an outland landing, a level area without high vegetation, such as B. harvested fields. High vegetation in fields and meadows can hide dangerous obstacles such as stones and ditches. Such places are therefore 'second choice'. Tall grass and grain can also wrap itself around low-hanging, submerged wings, slow them down on one side and lead to accidents (so-called " ring peep ").
Suitable landing fields are naturally rare in the mountains. Various clubs publish brochures with aerial photos and map sections of such landing fields; in France, the FFVV works with landowners to ensure that the landing fields are in a landable condition. Obtaining information about the available landing fields is an essential part of preparing for a mountain flight.
The glider must then be transported back to the airfield by land. The wings and usually also the horizontal stabilizer can be dismantled for this purpose, so that the aircraft can be stowed in a car trailer provided for this purpose. With modern gliders, dismantling (and assembling) is usually easier than with older types and can be done by just two people, with additional aids (e.g. supports for the wings, brackets for the fuselage, etc.).
Paragliders and hang gliders
Hang-gliders and paragliders manage with little space when landing outside, as they have a low flight speed. Mowed meadows or harvested fields are also preferred here in order to minimize damage to the fields. If necessary, paragliders can even land in small clearings , as they can reduce height almost vertically through tight circles. Hang gliders have a glide angle of about 1:15, paragliders of about 1: 8.
Parachutes
When skydiving , a landing within 5 km of the landing site is not considered an outside landing. A distinction is made between a registered and an unannounced foreign landing:
- Registered foreign landing: Registration with the LBA and the DFV , a site report must also be available. (e.g. sports festivals or other festive events)
- Unannounced off-site landing: For example, an unplanned landing outside the landing site caused by an error in the launch of the launch.
Others
One of the most spectacular foreign landings took place on May 28, 1987: During the Cold War , the 18-year-old German Mathias Rust landed with a Cessna 172 P in Moscow on the Great Moskva Bridge not far from Red Square .
Rust started in Helsinki in the direction of Saint Petersburg and from there followed the railway line to Moscow. Although he was caught early by the Soviet air defense , it did not carry out any defensive reaction. After a five and a half hour flight, Rust reached Moscow. He could not land on Red Square because there were too many people there, which is why he landed on the nearby Moskva Bridge.
Individual evidence
- ^ Dölp: Aviation Act, Commentary . Ed .: Grabherr, Reidt. ISBN 978-3-406-63765-0 , 25, marginal number 1 .
- ^ Dölp: Aviation Act, Commentary . Ed .: Grabherr, Reidt. ISBN 978-3-406-63765-0 , 25, Rn 2 .
- ↑ VG Düsseldorf, judgment of July 18, 2013 - 6 K 2604/12
- ↑ Winfried Kassera: Motorflug compact , "Operational Procedures", Section 11, Motorbuchverlag
- ↑ Glide ratio - SystemPhysik. In: systemdesign.ch. Retrieved January 7, 2017 .
- ^ Spiegel Online: Kremlin Flieger Rust , June 6, 2009
Web links
- Information on landing with gliders at DG Flugzeugbau
- Page no longer available , search in web archives: Landings abroad in Switzerland for non-commercial flights with a helicopter registered abroad (PDF)