Manure removal
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With manure and Entmistungstechnik technical solutions and aids are necessary for dealing with the in livestock referred accumulating manure quantities. The manual as mobile mucking is time consuming and physically demanding - and in ancient times (see. Was Augean stables ) thinking about appropriate technical facilities.
Historical meaning
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The domestication of animals began with the Neolithic Revolution . The forest hat was already occupied for thousands of years before early residential stables were built in the Bronze Age and cattle breeding became increasingly important compared to pure hunting . The problem of manure removal only arose when the stable was kept close to civilization .
According to legend, one of the twelve legendary tasks of Heracles , which he had to perform on behalf of his cousin King Eurystheus, was to clear out the Augean stables, in which the stately number of over 3,000 cattle is said to have been kept. Eurystheus had also made it a condition of Heracles to be ready within a day. According to Greek legend , the stables had not been cleaned for 30 years. Heracles did the job by breaking open the foundations of the stable on one side and channeling the water of the rivers Alpheios ( Ἀλφειός ) and Peneios (Πηνειός) through the stable, thus cleaning the Augean stables. In antiquity , which was only partially interested in mechanization , the work was not credited to him, since it was not he himself who had done the clearing, but the water.
In a figurative sense, clearing up a desk or workplace is sometimes used to describe overdue tidying up and archiving.
Basics
Under Mist the (about hay) mixed excrement with the bedding, straw or fodder remains to be understood. Horses and other large animals produce around 30 - 40 kg of manure per day, which leads to over 10 tons of manure per year and horse. With 80 livestock units ( livestock units ) in a farm with year-round stable housing, around 1500 cubic meters of liquid manure or 800 tons of stable manure are produced each year. Manure itself is an important manure and is used accordingly on farms.
The legal regulations and structural requirements for manure removal and dung storage are complex and already vary within the Federal Republic of Germany by federal state. One of the main concerns is the protection of groundwater. It is also important to reduce dust and odor nuisance such as connection to biogas plants.
Technical approaches
Basically, there are several technical starting points for clearing.
Slatted floor
With a fully slatted floor (liquid manure removal ), the excrement falls into the sewer or slurry cellar located below the slotted floor. The liquid manure removal from the cattle stalls that is realized in this way has made the litter and litter meadows superfluous in some cases, but produces large quantities of manure. A slatted floor in a cattle or pig sty consists alternately of the bars, the stepping surface for the animals, and narrow gaps, these are a passage for excrement and urine. In the case of partially slatted floors, only the area for defecating and urinating is equipped with slatted floors; the eating and lying area can, for example, be strewn with straw. With fully slatted floors, on the other hand, the entire eating, lying and walking area is equipped with slatted floors.
Valve systems
Slider systems convey the accumulating amounts of manure from a flat transport area designed for this purpose. The area on which the cattle stands can be about 10–15 cm higher than the rear area, where faeces and urine accumulate. The areas used by the gate valve systems become smooth over the long term and should be avoided as lying areas.
Wide slide systems are often used in the cattle barn to clear the walking areas. The wide scrapers have folding, combi, manure and folding scrapers and, recently, so-called manure removal robots. The animals can get used to the continuously rotating scraper during stationary scraper manure removal. Suction pipe manure systems that work according to the vacuum cleaner principle are suitable for subsequent installation in horse stables, for example. The horses often get used to the corresponding noise faster than the riders.
Mobile manure removal
Mobile manure removal means removing the manure from the stable area with technical aids, such as a small tractor or farm loader with a sliding plate, and taking it to the associated storage area. As before, manure is removed by hand or manure is brought within reach of manure removal systems by hand or with smaller machines. Mobile manure removal often takes place close to milking and thus prevents the animals from being irritated too often.
Role of husbandry forms
Tethering and cow trainer
Depending on how long the stand area is when tied up , one speaks of a short, medium or long stand . When standing short, the animal often comes to lie with the ankle on the edge, which causes pressure points and abrasions. When standing long, feces and urine often fall on the standing surface. When lying down, the animal becomes soiled more easily, becomes damp and pathogens can more easily penetrate the udder or affect the hooves. So-called cow trainers are also used to prevent the lying surfaces from being soiled by faeces and urine . If the cows reared up before decoiling, they were given an electric shock to move them backwards. The excrement is more likely to be discharged within reach of the manure removal system or the slurry channel. The use of the cow trainer has been banned in Germany since 2010. In some other countries, too, they may no longer be used or at least no longer be reinstalled.
Pedal shed
In a manure barn, the lying and lounge area has a gradient of between 0 and 5 percent towards the eating area. The farmer only has to litter the top and muck out the bottom . The straw that is littered in the lying area is mixed with the excrement by the animals and then stepped towards the eating area. The farmer removes the manure there every three to four days. The holding form requires a minimum size of the animals and has emerged in cattle farming.
Open spaces and outdoor climate stalls
An important limitation of the slider techniques are the outdoor climate stalls , which are now more common . So that the manure removal technology does not reach its limits or only reaches its limits on a few days a year, it must be adapted accordingly in the planning and maintenance. Frozen surfaces can be slippery and therefore dangerous for animals and humans, frozen manure makes manure removal more time-consuming and can damage the systems. Regular mucking out and the spreading of road salt can therefore prove useful.
Agricultural mechanization
A number of manufacturers of stables such as agricultural machine technology offer corresponding technical systems. A pioneer was Emil Alfeld (1900–1961), who was also known as the singing farmer . He ran the family's own farm, where he made numerous inventions based on agricultural activities and thus had more time for his hobbies.
The investment costs are considerable. In the GDR in 1982 50% of manure removal and 40% of feed distribution in agricultural animal husbandry were done by hand. It was planned for the end of the 1980s to concentrate a fifth of the animal populations in corresponding large-scale facilities. The planned industrialization and mechanization of agriculture could only be partially implemented in the field of plant production. In the early 1980s, major investment projects in more intensive animal husbandry were canceled due to a lack of money. The GDR animal husbandry invested too little in equipment (including for manure removal) and too much in construction work, making it increasingly uneconomical. Up until the fall of the Wall, manure was still cleared by hand in corresponding large-scale systems.
literature
- A. Pöllinger: Evaluation of manure removal methods in cattle stalls. Gumpensteiner Building Conference 2001, "Stable construction - stable climate - process engineering"
- Josef Boxberger, Horst Eichhorn, Hermann Seufert: Manure: solid and liquid: clearing, storing, spreading. Beton-Verlag, 1994
Web links
Individual evidence
- ↑ Werner Wolski, Andreas Cyffka: Großwörterbuch German as a foreign language . E. Klett Sprachen, 2011, ISBN 978-3-12-517047-6 ( google.de [accessed December 14, 2016]).
- ↑ Thomas Jungbluth, Wolfgang Büscher, Monika Krause: Technology animal husbandry . UTB, 2005, ISBN 978-3-8252-2641-1 , pp. 186 ff . ( google.de [accessed on December 14, 2016]).
- ↑ Günther, Dr Linckh, Hubert Sprich, Holger Flaig, Hans Mohr: Sustainable agriculture and forestry: Expertise . Springer-Verlag, 2013, ISBN 978-3-642-80214-0 ( google.de [accessed December 14, 2016]).
- ↑ a b Batz: Basic requirements for animal-friendly dairy farming . Springer-Verlag, 2013, ISBN 978-3-0348-7201-0 ( google.de [accessed December 14, 2016]).
- ^ Chamber of Agriculture North Rhine-Westphalia: Building concepts in rearing, pages 7 and 8, accessed on July 28, 2013 (PDF; 2 MB)
- ↑ Jochen Bethkenhagen: East Germany and Eastern Europe: economic system, economic policy, standard of living. A manual . Springer-Verlag, 2013, ISBN 978-3-322-93713-1 ( google.de [accessed December 14, 2016]).
- ^ Adolf Weber: Status and development of GDR agricultural production . In: Eberhard Kuhrt, Hannsjörg F. Buck, Gunter Holzweißig (eds.): The end times of the GDR economy - analyzes of economic, social and environmental policy . Springer-Verlag, 2013, ISBN 978-3-322-93229-7 , pp. 250 ( google.de [accessed December 14, 2016]).
- ↑ Tanja Busse: Milking and being milked: East German agriculture after the fall of the Wall . Ch. Links Verlag, 2016, ISBN 978-3-86284-343-5 ( google.de [accessed December 14, 2016]).