Baraita
Baraita ( Aramaic ברייתא "something that is outside"; pl. Baraitot) denotes a doctrine from the Tannaitic period, which, however, has not found its way into the Mishnah . "Outside" accordingly refers to "outside the Mishnah". Originally, however, "outside" could have referred to "outside the most important houses of teaching (ie of Sura and Pumbedita )", although in later times Tannaim (teacher of the Mishnah) are named as authors of a Baraita.
Since the Mishnah contains the entire oral Torah in a very concise form - in order to facilitate the oral transmission - numerous variants, additional explanations, clarifying interpretations and rules are not contained in the Mishnah. These were later compiled in works also called "Baraitot", often in the form of lists of the teachings of a sage. In addition to the individual teaching, "Baraita" also describes its compilation. The main collections of Baraitot are the Tosefta and the halachic Midrashim (e.g. Mechilta , Sifra and Sifre).
In halachic terms, the Baraitot are somewhat lighter than the Mishnah. Nevertheless, such doctrinal opinions are also valid as evidence for the Amorae , the teachers of the Talmud , in their analyzes and interpretations of the Mishnah. As a rule, a baraita in the talmud bavli is derived from the Aramaic formulations tanja ( Aramaic תניא; Hebrew למדנו בעל פה; dt. "it is taught") or tanu Rabbanan ( Aramaic תנו רבנן; Hebrew שנו רבותינו; German: "our masters taught"), while a mixed quote with t e nan is introduced. Quotations from Baraitot are less common in the Jerusalem or Palestinian Talmud.
The linguistic style of the Baraitot can hardly be distinguished from that of the Mishnah, although individual passages already show signs of a later language level of Hebrew .
An edition of collected Baraitot from the Palestinian and Babylonian Talmud was made by M. Higger ( Otsar ha-Baraitot. 10 volumes, New York 1938–1948).
literature
- Wilhelm Bacher : Tradition and Tradents in the Schools of Palestine and Babylonia. Leipzig 1914 (reprinted in Berlin 1966).
- Günter Stemberger : Introduction to the Talmud and Midrash. Munich 1992, p. 179f. ISBN 3-406-36695-3
Individual evidence
- ↑ "תניא" "ususally introduces a baraitha with the name of a tanna mentioned before the first statement" from: Yitzhak Frank: The practical Talmud dictionary. Ariel, United Israel Institutes, Jerusalem 1991, p. 262.
- ↑ "תנו רבנן" "(The hakhamim taught) usually introduces a baraitha that Begins with an anonymous statement" from: Yitzhak Frank: The practical Talmud dictionary. Ariel, United Israel Institutes, Jerusalem 1991, p. 260.
Web links
- Marcus Jastrow , Louis Ginzberg : Entry in the Jewish Encyclopedia . Funk and Wagnalls, New York 1901-1906.