Bawandids

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The Bawandids ( Persian باوندیان; also called the Bawand / Bawend / Bavand dynasty ) were an Iranian dynasty that ruled over parts of Tabaristan on the Caspian Sea between 651 and 1349 and were at times fully sovereign or dependent on other powers.

The largest extension of the Bawandids

origin

The dynasty family traced its origin back to the founder of the name Baw, who is said to have been the grandson of the Sassanid prince Kawus - brother of Chosrau I - and who then fled to Tabaristan during his Islamic expansion. Baw gathered some locals here and was able to repel some Arab advances into Tabaristan. After 15 years of reign he was murdered by a certain Valasch who then reigned for 8 years.

Josef Markwart doubts this ancestry and sees in the legendary Baw a Zoroastic priest ( skinny ) from the city of Rey . Parvaneh Pourshariati, on the other hand, claims that Baw is an amalgamation of various rulers of the Ispahbdudan clan, namely Bawi, his grandson Vistahm and his great-nephew Farruchzad. She sees in the murder of the Baws by Valasch the conflict between the powerful families of the Ispahbudhan and the Karen in the 7th century, before both families were subjugated by the even more powerful Dabuyids .

history

Only with the conquest of the region by the Abbasids did the Bawandids and their ruler Sharwin I appear in historiography. The dynasty is divided into three lines: the Kayusiyya named after Kayus ibn Kubad that reigned and from 665 to 1,006 by the ziyarid dynasty were overthrown Qaboos ibn Woschmgir. The Ispahbadhiyya after 1073 with its seat in Sari . These ruled as vassals of the Seljuks and later of the Khorezm Shahs over Gilan, Rey, Qumis and Tabaristan. This line ended in 1210 with the murder of Rustam V. The third Kinakhwariyya line was established in 1237 when the Mongols had conquered and ravaged Iran and there was general anarchy. The end of the third line and the Bawandids themselves came in 1349.

After the end of the Dabuyids, two local dynasties remained in Tabaristan: the Bawandids in the east and the Karenids in the central and western parts. Both claimed descent from the Sassanids and called themselves kings of Tabaristan (Bawandids) or Ispahbad (Karenids). Sharwin I led together with the Kareniden Vindadh Hurmuzd the resistance against the Muslim supremacy and settlement of the counter by the Abbasids. For example, they destroyed the seat of the Abbasid governor Khalid ibn Barmak and began a revolt in 782, which was only ended in 785 by Said al-Harashi and 40,000 men. The relationship with the Abbasid caliphate improved so that the Arabs were tolerated in the lowlands of Tabaristan. But even Muslims were not allowed to be buried in the highlands. In 805, both rulers were summoned before the caliphs Hārūn ar-Raschīd for the murder of a Muslim tax collector. Both vowed loyalty and payment of the tax and had to leave their sons hostage at the court of the caliph for four years.

In 817 Shahriyar II succeeded his grandfather Sharwin and drove the Kareniden Mazyar out of his homeland. Mazyar fled to the caliph al-Ma'mūn in Baghdad , from where he returned with an army as a converted Muslim in 822/823. Mazyar defeated and killed the successor of Shahriyar and ruled the entire area. The Bawandide Qarin I. took advantage of a conflict between Mazyar and ʿAbdallāh ibn Tāhir and took the land back. Qarin converted to Islam in 842. Now a rapid Islamization of Tabaristan began, with the majority of the inhabitants adopting Sunni Islam. Shiite Islam, on the other hand, spread to the east in Amol , Astarabad and Gorgan . With the help of these Shiites, the Zaidite Alide Hasan ibn Zayd was able to found a principality in 864 . The Bawandids were hostile to the Alids from the start, which Qarin's grandson Rustam I paid with his life in 895. In 914, the Alides forced the Bawandids and Karenids under their rule.

Ibn Isfandiyar from the 12th / 13th centuries provide precise information on the history of the Bawandids. Century and Zahir al-Din Mar'aschi from the 15th century. During the rule of the Seljuks and the Mongols, there were still Bavandid rulers in Tabaristan. The final end came in 1349 with the death of Hasan II by Kiya Afrasiyab, whose descendants ruled Tabaristan until the 16th century.

Ruler

Kayusiyya

  • Farrukhzad (651-665)
  • Valasch (usurper, 665-673)
  • Surkhab I. (673-717)
  • Mihr Mardan (717-755)
  • Surkhab II (755-772)
  • Sharwin I (772-817)
  • Shahriyar I (817-825)
  • Shapur (825)
  • Reign of Mazyar (825-839)
  • Qarin I. (839-867)
  • Rustam I (867-895)
  • Sharwin II (896-930)
  • Shahriyar II (930-964)
  • Rustam II (964-979)
  • Al-Marzuban (979-986)
  • Sharwin III. (986)
  • Shahriyar III. (986-987)
  • Al-Marzuban (987-998)
  • Shahriyar III. (998)
  • Al-Marzuban (998-1006)
  • Abu Ja'far Muhammad (??? - 1027)
  • Qarin II (1057-1074)

Ispahbadhiyya

  • Shahriyar IV (1074–1114)
  • Qarin III. (1114–1117)
  • Rustam III. (1117–1118)
  • Ali (1118–1142)
  • Shah Ghazi Rustam IV (1142–1165)
  • Hasan I. (1165-1173)
  • Ardashir I (1173-1205)
  • Rustam V. (1205-1210)

Kinkhwariyya

  • Ardashir II (1238-1249)
  • Muhammad (1249-1271)
  • Ali II (1271)
  • Yazdagird (1271-1300)
  • Shahriyar V (1300-1310)
  • Kay Khusraw ibn Yazdagird (1310-1328)
  • Sharaf al-Muluk (1328-1334)
  • Hasan II (1334-1349)

Individual evidence

  1. a b Bosworth (1968), pp. 27-28.
  2. a b c d Madelung (1984), pp. 747-753
  3. Pourshariati (2008), pp. 292-293
  4. a b c d Frye (1986), p. 1110
  5. Pourshariati (2008), pp. 289-294
  6. Pourshariati (2008), pp. 304-318
  7. Madelung (1975), pp. 200-202
  8. Madelung (1975), p. 202
  9. Madelung (1975), pp. 202, 204
  10. Madelung (1975), pp. 205-206
  11. Madelung (1975), pp. 206-207
  12. Madelung (1975), pp. 207-209

literature

  • Wilferd Madelung: Bawandids . In: Ehsan Yarshater (Ed.): Encyclopædia Iranica , as of: July 29, 2011 (English, including references)
  • Clifford Edmund Bosworth : The Political and Dynastic History of the Iranian World (AD 1000-1217) . In: John Andrew Boyle (Ed.): The Cambridge History of Iran, Volume 5: The Saljuq and Mongol periods . Cambridge University Press, Cambridge 1968, ISBN 0-521-06936-X , pp. 1-202 ( google.com ).
  • Richard Nelson Frye : Bāwand . In: The Encyclopaedia of Islam, New Edition, Volume I: A-B . BRILL, Leiden and New York 1986, ISBN 90-04-08114-3 , pp. 1110 ( brillonline.com ).
  • Wilferd Madelung: The Minor Dynasties of Northern Iran . In: Richard Nelson Frye (Ed.): The Cambridge History of Iran, Volume 4: From the Arab Invasion to the Saljuqs . Cambridge University Press, Cambridge 1975, ISBN 978-0-521-20093-6 , pp. 198-249 ( google.com ).
  • Parvaneh Pourshariati: Decline and Fall of the Sasanian Empire: The Sasanian-Parthian Confederacy and the Arab Conquest of Iran . IB Tauris, London and New York 2008, ISBN 978-1-84511-645-3 ( google.com ).