Affirmation
Assurances ( English assurances ) is the urgent explanation of a certain fact. Usually one or more allegations by people precede a protest. In game theory , affirmation is used to keep a promise and, if necessary, to manipulate the opponent .
Term affirmation
With the help of the affirmation , a spokesman would like to: "explain something urgently and emphatically."
The assertion is described using the following example:
Adoption:
| The initial situation describes two people, the speaker S and the listener H. The speaker S considers a situation with a message content P to be true. The listener H, on the other hand, does not consider the situation with the message content P to be true. The type of event as well as the time and role reference remain undefined. |
Procedure:
| The speaker S would like to communicate to the listener H a situation with the message content P, which the speaker S considers true and the listener H not to be true, as credible. The speaker S uses the affirmation as an aid in which he emphatically and emphatically expresses that he considers the situation with the message content P to be true. The goal that speaker S wants to achieve is that the listener H recognizes that the speaker S considers the situation with the message content P to be true. |
The affirmation is often used in situations in which allegations on the part of the listener or a third party against the speaker have preceded or the speaker wishes to reiterate a statement that has already been made in relation to a situation.
As synonyms for affirmation: promise, assurance, confession, word of honor and oath can be used.
The following synonyms for affirm can be used: affirm, conjure, certify , declare, assure, vouch for and bet .
Game theory significance of the affirmation
Introduction to game theory
Game theory tries to give the player decision-making aids by examining everything that can happen when a player is playing the game and not only letting their own decisions and chance decide, but also taking into account the decisions of the opponent or opponents. Conflicts of interest and / or coordination problems arise during the game , two essential characteristics of strategic decision-making situations.
In game theory, affirmation is viewed separately from promise. In game theory, the promise is viewed as a real strategic move (see Figure 1).
A strategic move is described as follows: “A strategic move is intended to change the assessments and actions of others in a way that is to your advantage.” The special thing about a strategic move is the deliberate restriction of your own freedom of action by dealing with a so-called answer rule itself obliged. The answer rule defines your own answer to the opponent's moves in advance.
Significance of the affirmation in game theory
In contrast to the promise, the affirmation is not seen as such a strategic move. Consequently, the affirmation does not change the player's answer rule, but tells the opponent how best to react to his actions. If it is therefore in the interest of the player to keep his promise, this is called an affirmation. The assertion therefore “only” benefits from an information function .
In order to increase the credibility of the affirmation, the player can use various measures. For example, the player can refer to something that is particularly dear to him or the population. For example, idioms like: by my honor , by my mother or by God . In addition to the choice of words, facial expressions and gestures can also increase the credibility of the statement, such as tears , mock grief or hands thrown over the head . Finally, the player can also include one or more selected players who support the player's statements and thus give the assertion more persuasive power . With the help of the affirmation one can convey certain promises to the opponent more credibly.
The following examples illustrate the assertion and at the same time show that a clever opponent should not allow himself to be "manipulated" by an assertion, but should demand a credible self-commitment in return , for example in the form of a contract, as many assurances (especially in politics and sport) and thus the redeeming of promises in the past have in retrospect turned out to be strategic lies.
Examples of an affirmation
Both assertions and warnings have no effect on the opponent's expectations.
For example, a mother warns her child about the sharp knife. This is a statement by the mother, but does not affect the child's expectations. The warning therefore has a purely informative function as shown. The child who ignores the warning and cuts himself with the knife assures his mother in the interest of his own health that he will not pick up the knife again, and thus keeps the promise.
Affirmation by Christoph Daum
Evidence of the consumption of cocaine by the then coach of Bayer Leverkusen and planned national coach of the national soccer team Christoph Daum led in October 2000 to one of the biggest scandals in the history of German soccer. The starting point of this scandal were the allegations of Bayern manager Uli Hoeneß , who had linked Daum with drugs at the time. The highlight of the Daum affair was the press conference, in which Daum publicly asserted his innocence several times and arranged for a forensic analysis of a sample of his hair for drug residues with the quote: "I do this because I have an absolutely clear conscience". The problem, however, was that the sample, contrary to Daum's affirmation, demonstrated cocaine use and thus Daum's affirmation turned out to be a lie. This negative reputation led to Daum's dismissal as a coach at Bayer Leverkusen and to the prevention of his goal of acting as the coach of the national soccer team.
From a strategic point of view, the question arises as to whether it would not have made more sense if Christoph Daum had admitted cocaine consumption and then asserted that he would never use cocaine again in his life or undergo withdrawal.
Affirmation from Andrea Ypsilanti
Andrea Ypsilanti , Hessian SPD chairman, protested before the election in Hesse that she definitely did not want to cooperate with the left . This was also one of their central election promises. But contrary to their assertion, the strategy of Andrea Ypsilanti and the SPD in Hesse changed shortly before the election by speaking out in favor of a red-green minority government that the Left Party would tolerate. The reason for the change in strategy was Ypsilanti's chance at the post of Prime Minister. But in the end she had speculated, as just four MPs of the SPD had spoken out against Ypsilanti's candidacy - one day before the election.
literature
- Avinash K. Dixit, Barry J. Nalebuff: Game Theory for Beginners - Strategic Know-How for Winners . Schäffer-Poeschel Verlag, Stuttgart, 1997, ISBN 3-7910-1239-8 , 371 pages
- Gisela Harras, Edeltraud Winkler, Kristel Proost: Handbook of German Communication Verbs , Volume 1. Gruyter Verlag, Berlin, 2004, ISBN 3-110-17935-0 , 534 pages
- Manfred J. Holler, Gerhard Illing: Introduction to game theory . 4th completely revised and expanded edition. Springer-Verlag, Berlin 2000, ISBN 3-540-66831-4 , 414 pages
Web links
Individual evidence
- ^ A b G. Harras, E. Winkler, K. Proost: Handbook of German communication verbs . 2004, p. 51
- ^ Based on G. Harras, E. Winkler, K. Proost: Handbook of German communication verbs . 2004, p. 51
- ↑ M. Holler, G. Illing: Introduction to game theory . 2000, p. 1
- ↑ a b c A. Dixit, B. Nalebuff: Game theory for beginners . 1997, p. 118
- ^ Based on A. Dixit, B. Nalebuff: Game theory for beginners . 1997, p. 125.
- ↑ A. Dixit, B. Nalebuff: Game theory for beginners . 1997, p. 122
- ↑ a b c A. Dixit, B. Nalebuff: Game theory for beginners . 1997, p. 124
- ↑ A. Dixit, B. Nalebuff: Game theory for beginners . 1997, p. 123
- ^ RP Online, December 10, 2008
- ↑ a b Sueddeutsche ( Memento of the original from July 4, 2009 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. dated December 12, 2008
