Ground tetra
| Ground tetra | ||||||||||||
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Melanocharacidium sp. |
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| Systematics | ||||||||||||
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| Scientific name | ||||||||||||
| Characidiinae | ||||||||||||
| Buckup , 1998 |
The ground tetra (Characidiinae) are a subfamily of the magnificent and ground tetra (Crenuchidae) native from Panama to northern Argentina . Most species live in northern South America .
features
The small fish have an elongated body that is round in cross section and slightly flattened on the belly. The paired pectoral and pelvic fins are relatively large. The dorsal fin is in the middle of the body, the anal fin has less than 14 fin rays , the caudal fin is forked. An adipose fin can be present or absent. The sideline organ can be complete or incomplete. Ground tetra are only two to eight centimeters long. The mouth is terminal or slightly below. The upper jaw can be toothed or edentulous, the lower jaw has two rows of teeth, conical or three-pointed front, conical rear, the premaxillary has a number of small, mostly three-pointed teeth.
Way of life
Ground tetra mostly live in stagnant or slow-flowing waters on sand or stone ground, more rarely on muddy ground. They support themselves with their pectoral fins on the ground, so that their resting position is slightly inclined with their heads raised. Your movement is jerky. Some species of the Characidium genus live in fast flowing streams and can negotiate rapids by climbing the underside of rocks with the help of their pectoral and ventral fins. Ground tetra do not form swarms, but live in small areas, loyal to the place, which they defend against neighbors with threatening gestures. For the most part, they feed on insect larvae. Ground tetra spawn in pairs between aquatic plants.
Systematics
There are nine genera with over 90 species.
- Ground tetra (Characidiinae)
- Genus Ammocryptocharax
- Ammocryptocharax elegans Weitzman & Kanazawa, 1976
- Ammocryptocharax lateralis (Eigenmann, 1909)
- Ammocryptocharax minutus Buckup, 1993
- Ammocryptocharax vintonae (Eigenmann, 1909)
- Genus Characidium (Syn. Geryichthys )
- Characidium alipioi Travassos, 1955
- Characidium amaila Lujan, Agudelo-Zamora, Taphorn, Booth & López-Fernández, 2013
- Characidium bahiense Almeida, 1971
- Characidium bimaculatum Fowler, 1941
- Characidium boavistae Steindachner, 1915
- Characidium boehlkei Géry, 1972
- Characidium bolivianum Pearson, 1924
- Characidium borellii (Boulenger, 1895)
- Characidium brevirostre Pellegrin, 1909
- Characidium caucanum Eigenmann, 1912
- Characidum chicoi da Graça et al., 2019
- Characidium chupa Schultz, 1944
- Characidium clistenesi Melo & Espíndola, 2016
- Characidium crandellii Steindachner, 1915
- Characidium cricarense Malanski et al. 2019
- Characidium declivirostre Steindachner, 1915
- Characidium deludens Zanata & Camelier, 2015
- Characidium etheostoma Cope, 1872
- Characidium etzeli Zarske & Géry, 2001
- Characidium fasciatum Reinhardt, 1867
- Characidium geryi ( Zarske, 1997)
- Characidium gomesi Travassos, 1956
- Characidium grajahuense Travassos, 1944
- Characidium hasemani Steindachner, 1915
- Characidium heinianum Zarske & Géry, 2001
- Characidium heirmostigmata da Graça & Pavanelli 2008
- Characidium helmeri Zanata et al., 2015
- Characidium interruptum Pellegrin, 1909
- Characidium japuhybense Travassos, 1949
- Characidium kamakan Zanata & Camelier, 2015
- Characidium lagosantense Travassos, 1947
- Characidium lanei Travassos, 1967
- Characidium laterale (Boulenger, 1895)
- Characidium lauroi Travassos, 1949
- Characidium litorale Leitão & Buckup, 2014
- Characidium longum Taphorn, Montaña & Buckup, 2006
- Characidium macrolepidotum (Peters, 1868)
- Characidium marshi Breder, 1925
- Characidium nana Mendonça & Netto-Ferreira, 2015
- Characidium nupelia da Graça, Pavanelli & Buckup 2008
- Characidium occidentale Buckup & Reis, 1997
- Characidium oiticicai Travassos, 1967
- Characidium orientale Buckup & Reis, 1997
- Characidium papachibe Peixoto & Wosiacki, 2013
- Characidium pellucidum Eigenmann, 1909
- Characidium phoxocephalum Eigenmann, 1912
- Characidium pteroides Eigenmann, 1909
- Characidium pterostictum Gomes, 1947
- Characidium purpuratum Steindachner, 1882
- Characidium rachovii Regan, 1913
- Characidium roesseli Géry, 1965
- Characidium samurai Zanata & Camelier, 2014
- Characidium sanctjohanni Dahl, 1960
- Characidium satoi Melo & Oyakawa, 2015
- Characidium schindleri Zarske & Géry, 2001
- Characidium schubarti Travassos, 1955
- Characidium serrano Buckup & Reis, 1997
- Characidium steindachneri Cope, 1878
- Characidium sterbai ( Zarske, 1997)
- Characidium stigmosum Melo & Buckup, 2002
- Characidium summum Zanata & Ohara, 2015
- Characidium tapuia Zanata, Ramos & Oliveira-Silva 2018
- Characidium tenue (Cope, 1894)
- Characidium timbuiense Travassos, 1946
- Characidium travassosi Melo et al., 2016
- Characidium vestigipinne Buckup & Hahn, 2000
- Characidium vidali Travassos, 1967
- Characidium xanthopterum Silveira et al., 2008
- Characidium xavante da Graça et al., 2008
- Characidium zebra Eigenmann, 1909
- Genus Elachocharax
- Elachocharax geryi Weitzman & Kanazawa, 1978
- Elachocharax junki (Géry, 1971)
- Elachocharax mitopterus Weitzman, 1986
- Elachocharax pulcher Myers, 1927
- Genus Klausewitzia
- Klausewitzia ritae Géry, 1965
- Genus Leptocharacidium
- Leptocharacidium omospilus Buckup, 1993
- Genus Melanocharacidium
- Melanocharacidium auroradiatum Costa & Vicente, 1994
- Melanocharacidium blennioides (Eigenmann, 1909)
- Melanocharacidium compressum Buckup, 1993
- Melanocharacidium depressum Buckup, 1993
- Melanocharacidium dispilomma Buckup, 1993
- Melanocharacidium melanopteron Buckup, 1993
- Melanocharacidium nigrum Buckup, 1993
- Melanocharacidium pectorale Buckup, 1993
- Melanocharacidium rex (Böhlke, 1958)
- Genus Microcharacidium
- Microcharacidium eleotrioides (Géry, 1960)
- Microcharacidium gnomus Buckup, 1993
- Microcharacidium weitzmani Buckup, 1993
- Genus Odontocharacidium
- Odontocharacidium aphanes (Weitzman & Kanazawa, 1977)
- Genus Skiotocharax
- Skiotocharax meizon Presswell, Weitzman & Bergquist, 2000
- Genus Ammocryptocharax
literature
- Joseph S. Nelson : Fishes of the World . John Wiley & Sons., 2006, ISBN 0-471-25031-7 .
- Günther Sterba : The world's freshwater fish. 2nd Edition. Urania, Leipzig / Jena / Berlin 1990, ISBN 3-332-00109-4 .
- Axel Zarske: Ammocryptocharax , Characidiidae. Bodensalmler , Characidium , Elachocharax , Geryichthys , Klausewitzia , Melanocharacidium , Microcharacidium and Odontocharacidium. : In: Claus Schaefer, Torsten Schröer (Hrsg.): The large lexicon of aquaristics. Eugen Ulmer, Stuttgart 2004, ISBN 3-8001-7497-9 , pp. 43, 215 f., 349, 409, 533, 628 f., 645 and 717.
Web links
- Bodensalmler on Fishbase.org (English)
Individual evidence
- ↑ a b Melo, Buckup & Oyakawa (2016). A new species of Characidium Reinhardt, 1867 (Characiformes: Crenuchidae) endemic to the Atlantic Forest in Paraná State, southern Brazil. Neotropical Ichthyology, 14 (3), e160014. Epub September 30, 2016. doi: 10.1590 / 1982-0224-20160014