Intermaxillary bone

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Skull of a sheep :
incisive bone color coded

The intermediate jaw bone , and the incisive bone or short intermediate jaw (Latin premaxilla , short for premaxilla Os ; also Os intermaxillare and incisive bone or Goethe-bone ), is a paired, upper incisors supporting bone or bone part of the facial bones of mammals , bordering the nasal bone and the maxillary bone(Maxillary). Johann Wolfgang Goethe recognized and published the fact that humans also have an embryonic intermaxillary bone.

In humans, the inter- jaw fuses with the upper jaw even before birth due to several bone sutures that are subdivided and delimited and is therefore not listed as a separate bone in adults. In the other mammals, the suture to the maxillary bone , known as Sutura incisiva (also called Sutura Goethei ), remains visible for a long time. This is due to the fact that the anterior facial region is greatly shortened in humans, as a result of which the upper jaw is only subjected to vertical compression (according to Marinelli 1929).

A body ( corpus ) and three processes are distinguished on the intermaxillary bone:

  • Alveolar process (alveolar process): It houses the alveoli of the maxillary incisors ( incisors ) each side, unless there are no such teeth ( ruminants ). Hence the Latin name Os incisivum .
  • Processus nasalis (nasal process): backwards and upwards, forms (exceptions: humans, predators ) with the nasal bone an incision open to the front ( incisura nasoincisiva )
  • Palatine process : forms the front part of the hard palate. Between the two incisive bones runs a duct, the incisive duct , which connects the oral and nasal cavities .

The paired premaxillary arises in the Osteichthyes from several toothed bones at the edge of the mouth (→ Amia ) in addition to the “old” upper jaw of the sharks. With more derived teleostei it becomes the sole carrier of teeth in the upper oral cavity area. In the terrestrial vertebrates descended from Rhipidistia , the premaxillary cannot attain such predominance because of snapping in the much thinner medium of air and chewing (risk of breakage).

Johann Wolfgang von Goethe claimed to have discovered the intermaxillary bone already known in animals in March 1784 together with Justus Christian Loder in the anatomy tower in Jena in the human embryo (as a result and on the occasion of his publication about it, Goethe was accepted into the Academia Leopoldina in Halle ). He was not aware that the bone had been described several times before, the last time being in 1780 (in print not until 1784) by the French doctor Félix Vicq d'Azyr . Galenus already stated that humans also have an intermaxillary bone , while the anatomist Vesal denied it in 1543 and started the more than 200 year long discussion about existence. The existence of the intermaxillary bone in the ontogenesis (individual development) of humans is an indication of the common phylogenesis (tribal history) of humans and other animals and thus for evolution .

literature

  • Félix Vicq d'Azyr: Observations anatomiques sur trois Singes appelés le Mandrill, le Callitriche & le Macaque; suivies de quelques Réflexions sur plusieurs points d'Anatomie comparée . In: Histoire de l'Académie Royale des Sciences. Année 1780 . Paris 1784, pp. 478-493 (online) .
  • Franz-Viktor Salomon: Bony skeleton . In: Franz-Viktor Salomon et al. (Hrsg.): Anatomie für die Tiermedizin . 3. Edition. Enke, Stuttgart 2015, ISBN 978-3-8304-1288-5 , pp. 102 .
  • Westheide / Rieger: Textbook of Zoology , Vol. 2: Vertebrate or skull animals. 2nd edition (2010)

Individual evidence

  1. International Committees on Veterinary Gross Anatomical Nomenclature, Veterinary Histological Nomenclature, & Veterinary Embryological Nomenclature (1994). Nomina Anatomica Veterinaria together with Nomina Histologica and Nomina Embryologica Veterinaria. Zurich / Ithaca / New York.
  2. Gudrun Schury : If you don't look, you will find , Campus-Verlag , Frankfurt am Main 2006, ISBN 978-3-593-37799-5 , p. 42
  3. Goethe bones. www.gesundheit.de, accessed on March 28, 2016 .
  4. Ernst Kern : Seeing - Thinking - Acting of a surgeon in the 20th century. ecomed, Landsberg am Lech 2000, ISBN 3-609-20149-5 , p. 55.
  5. Bernhard Peyer: Goethe's vortex theory of the skull. In: Neujahrsblatt published by the Natural Research Society in Zurich for 1950, Issue 152, p. 28. Commission publisher Gebr. Fretz AG, Zurich 1950.
  6. Hermann Bräuning-Oktavio : From the intermaxillary bone to the idea of ​​the type. Goethe as a natural scientist in the years 1780–1786. In: Nova Acta Leopoldina Volume 18, Number 126. Johann Ambrosius Barth, Leipzig 1956.
  7. Klaus Seehafer: My life, a single adventure - Johann Wolfgang Goethe, biography , p. 180. Aufbau-Verlag, Berlin 1998.
  8. ^ Manfred Wenzel: intermaxillary bones. In: Encyclopedia of Medical History. Edited by Werner E. Gerabek , Bernhard D. Haage, Gundolf Keil and Wolfgang Wegner, Walter de Gruyter, Berlin and New York 2005 ( ISBN 3-11-015714-4 ), p. 1534 f.