Félix Vicq d'Azyr

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Félix Vicq d'Azyr

Félix Vicq d'Azyr , also Félix Vicq-d'Azyr (born April 23, 1748 in Valognes , † June 20, 1794 in Paris ), was a French doctor, comparative anatomist and epidemiologist and one of the most important neuroanatomists of his time.

Life

Vicq d'Azyr was the son of the doctor Jean-Félix Vicq, Sieur de Valemprey and his wife Catherine Lechevalier. He went to school in Valognes and then began to study philosophy in Caen . A fellow student from this time was Pierre-Simon Laplace . In 1765 he went to Paris to study medicine. Around 1770 he attended courses at the Jardin du Roi . He was particularly influenced by the surgeon Antoine Petit and the naturalist Louis Jean-Marie Daubenton .

In 1773, d'Azyr began a series of successful lectures on human and animal anatomy at the Medical School in Paris. In 1774 he received his medical degree there, received his doctorate and was elected a member of the Académie des sciences because of his outstanding contributions to comparative anatomy . In 1775 he was elected permanent secretary of the Société de médecine . In 1788 he was accepted as the successor to Georges-Louis Leclerc de Buffon in the Académie française .

Vicq d'Azyr was a professor at the Jardin du Roi and taught at the École vétérinaire d'Alfort . He was superintendent for animal diseases.

He made numerous discoveries in the field of anatomy. As a personal physician of Marie Antoinette was his life during the French Revolution in danger.

Vicq d'Azyr was a member of numerous scientific societies:

Scientific achievements

The following discoveries a. back to Vicq d'Azyr, overview:

A rinderpest epidemic raged in Guyenne in south-west France in 1774 . In 1775 he traveled to the region to help fight the cattle disease. After his return to Paris, he wrote a number of writings with prophylactic suggestions, which ultimately contributed to the fight.

Best known are his brain anatomical work. As one of the first anatomists, he also used frontal sections to describe prepared brains ; these are also known as coronal or coronary cuts. He used alcoholic solutions to harden the tissue. In 1786 he described the locus caeruleus and the substantia nigra in the brain and the Vicq d'Azyr strip (see occipital lobe , a fiber system in the visual cortex between the external granular layer and the outer layer of the pyramidal cells in this part of the cerebral cortex), as well as the fasciculus mamillothalamicus, also known as the "Vicq d'Azyr bundle" after its name . His systematic investigations into the convolutions of the brain (= gyri ) became a classic. d'Azyr was one of the first neuroanatomists to name them. He studied the deep gray nuclei of the cerebrum and the basal ganglia .

Vicq d'Azyr also stands for priority in the discovery of the intermaxillary bone (premaxillary). Johann Wolfgang von Goethe claimed to have been the first to discover the intermaxillary bone already known in the other vertebrates - together with Justus Christian Loder in the anatomy tower in Jena in 1784 . When Goethe informed Johann Gottfried von Herder of this in writing in the spring of 1784 , he was obviously not aware that d'Azyr had made the same discovery shortly before and had discussed it in an extensive, comparative-anatomical examination.

Fonts (selection)

  • Exposé des moyen curatifs et préservatifs qui peuvent être employés contre les maladies pestilentielles des bêtes à cornes. Paris 1776.
  • Vicq-d'Azyr, F .; et al .: Encyclopédie méthodique. Medecine . Panckoucke, 1787
  • Vicq-d'Azyr, F .; Cloquet, JH: Systême anatomique . Panckoucke Agasse, 1792-1830
  • Vicq-d'Azyr, F .: Traite d'Anatomie de Cerveau . 1786
  • Vicq-d'Azyr, F .: An lui venereae Sublimatum corrosium? DOM de quaestio medica (auctore M. Guilbert a. 1765), quod liberatiis disputationibus, mane discutienda in scholis medicorumetic; Jovis 27 mensis Januaryis, AD 1744; Valognes, Constantin, 1774
  • Vicq-d'Azyr, F .: Observations sur les moyens que l'on peut employer pour préserver les animaux sains de la contagion et pour en arrêter les progrès . Bordeaux: Impr. De M. Racle, 1774, in-12, 108 p.
  • Vicq-d'Azyr, F .: Instructions on the manière de désinfecter les cuirs des bestiaux morts de l'épizootie et de les rendre propres à être travaillés dans les tanneries sans y porter la contagion . Paris: Impr. Royale, 1775, in-4 °, 6 p., Et Lille: Impr. De N.-J.-B. Peterinck-Cramé, 1775, in-4 °, 4 p.
  • Vicq-d'Azyr, F .: Recueil d'observations sur les différentes méthodes proposées pour guérir la maladie épidémique qui attaque les bêtes à cornes, sur les moyens de la reconnaître par-tout où elle se pourra manifester, et sur la manière de disinfecter les étables . Paris: Impr. Royale, 1775, in-4 °, 35 p.
  • Vicq-d'Azyr, F .: Exposé des moyens curatifs et préservatifs qui peuvent être employés contre les maladies pestilentielles des bêtes à cornes, divisé en trois parties . The première contient les moyens curatifs. On y compare les maladies des hommes avec celles des bestiaux. La seconde renferme les moyens préservatifs. La troisième comprend les ordres émanés du Gouvernement: on ya joint les principaux édits et règlemens de Pays-Bas, relativement à la maladie épizootique, et le mandement de Mgr. L'archévêque de Toulouse, sur le même sujet. Publié par ordre du Roi, Paris: chez Mérigot l'aîné, 1776, in-8 °, XVI-728 p.
  • Vicq-d'Azyr, F .: Nouveau plan de conduite pour détruire entièrement la maladie épizootique . Paris, et Lille: Impr. De N.-J.-B. Peterinck-Cramé, mars 1776, in-4 °, 4 p.
  • Vicq-d'Azyr, F .: La médecine des bêtes à cornes, publiée par ordre du gouvernement . Paris, 1781, 2 vol. in-8 ° (recueil de ses travaux sur les épizooties)
  • Vicq-d'Azyr, F .: Traité d'anatomie et de physiologie, avec des planches colorées représentant au naturel les divers organes de l'homme et des animaux . Paris: Impr. De Franç. Amb. Didot l'aîné, et chez Mme Huzard, 1786, grand in-folio, [8] -123- [3] -111 p.

literature

Books
  • Yves Pouliquen: Félix Vicq d'Azyr, les Lumières et la Révolution . Odile Jacob, 2009, ISBN 978-2738123084 .
Scientific Article
  • J. van Gijn: Félix Vicq d'Azyr (1748-1794) . In: Journal of Neurology . Volume 256, Number 8, 2009, pp. 1384-1385 ( doi: 10.1007 / s00415-009-5211-6 ).
  • André Parent: Felix Vicq d'Azyr: Anatomy, Medicine and Revolution . In: The Canadian Journal of Neurological Sciences . Volume 34, number 1, 2007, pp. 30-37 ( PDF ).
  • Jean-Jacques Peumery: Vicq d'Azyr et la Révolution française . In: Histoire des sciences médicales . Volume 35, Number 3, 2001, pp. 263-270 ( PDF ).
  • Stéphane Schmitt: From Physiology to Classification: Comparative Anatomy and Vicq d'Azyr's Plan of Reform for Life Sciences and Medicine (1774–1794) . In: Science in Context . Volume 22, Number 2, 2009, pp. 145-193 ( doi: 10.1017 / S0269889709002191 ).
  • Pierre Thillaud: Vicq d'Azyr (1748–1794) Anatomie d'une élection . In: Histoire des Sciences médicales . Volume 20, Number 3, 1986, pp. 229-236 ( PDF ).
  • Barbara I. Tshisuaka: Vicq-d'Azyr, Félix. In: Werner E. Gerabek , Bernhard D. Haage, Gundolf Keil , Wolfgang Wegner (eds.): Enzyklopädie Medizingeschichte. De Gruyter, Berlin / New York 2005, ISBN 3-11-015714-4 , p. 1442.

Individual evidence

  1. ^ André Parent: Felix Vicq d'Azyr: Anatomy, Medicine and Revolution . In: The Canadian Journal of Neurological Sciences . Volume 34, Number 1, 2007, pp. 30-37.
  2. ^ Bibliothèque numérique Medic. Félix Vicq d'Azyr: l'anatomie, l'État, la médecine. On-line
  3. ^ List of members Leopoldina, Felix Vicq d'Azyr
  4. ^ Elinor Meynell: Vicq d'Azyr and a cattle plague . In: Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine . Volume 91, Number 2, 1998, pp. 105-106 ( PMC 1296503 (free full text)).

Web links

personal data
SURNAME Vicq d'Azyr, Felix
ALTERNATIVE NAMES Vicq-d'Azur, Felix
BRIEF DESCRIPTION French physician and comparative anatomist
DATE OF BIRTH April 23, 1748
PLACE OF BIRTH Valognes
DATE OF DEATH June 20, 1794
Place of death Paris