Justus Christian Loder

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Justus Christian Loder in later years

Ferdinand Justus Christian Loder, from 1809 von Loder (born March 12, 1753 in Riga ; † April 16, 1832 in Moscow ) was a German-Baltic physician, anatomist, surgeon and personal physician to the Russian Emperor Alexander I. His originated between 1794 and 1803 The main work Tabulae anatomicae was the most important systematic and complete collection of images of the human body of its time.

life and work

Youth and Studies

Justus Christian Loder grew up as the son of the grammar school director and deacon Johann Loder (born January 4, 1687 in Burgbernheim , † September 5, 1775 in Riga) and his wife, the court attorney's daughter Helene Kappel, who was married on May 4, 1731 in Riga. He also had siblings like the former theologian Martin Gottlieb Loder (born November 11, 1739 in Riga; May 15, 1806 in Wolmar), who became a pastor and provost in Wolmar. From 1769 to 1773 he attended the high school there, where, in addition to his father, the teachers Johann Benjamin Erdmann (* 1732 Waltershausen / Gotha; † June 1783 in Riga) and Johann Ferdinand Hollenhagen (* around 1711 in Bauske; † March 11, 1782 in Riga ) exerted a formative influence on the young Loder. During his school days he already appeared as a translator of the third part of Leonhard Euler's Lettres à une princesse d'Allemagne (1772) and the description of Kamchatka by Stepan Petrowitsch Krascheninnikow (1773).

In September 1773 he went to study medicine at Göttingen University . In Göttingen he was accepted in the house of August Ludwig von Schlözer , where he lived during his entire student days. Loder attended the medical lectures of Ernst Gottfried Baldinger , Johan Andreas Murray , Heinrich August Wrisberg and Ernst Johann Friedrich Stromeyer (1750-1830). He also frequented presentations by Johann Beckmann , Johann Christian Polycarp Erxleben , Johann Friedrich Blumenbach , Johann Peter Miller , Christian Gottlob Heyne , Johann Christoph Gatterer , Johann Georg Heinrich Feder and Georg Jacob Friedrich Meister . At that time he translated other scientific writings, including the work of Louis Vitet (1736–1809) on Vieharzney art (1776). On August 27, 1777, he defended his inaugural thesis commodis, quae ex rei mertatoriae studio in medicinam permanare possint and was then awarded a doctorate in medicine on September 18 of the same year.

Jena years

Justus Christian Loder as a Jena professor. Engraving by F. Müller after a painting by Johann Friedrich August Tischbein from 1798.
Leather case with Siberian minerals sent by Loder to Goethe in 1828

On September 19, 1778, Loder was appointed professor of medicine for the subjects of anatomy , surgery and obstetrics at the University of Jena . After he had obtained the academic degree of a Magister of Philosophy (Dr. phil.) In Jena in 1779, he went on a trip to the Netherlands in 1780 and 1781 at the expense of Duke Karl August von Sachsen-Weimar-Eisenach , to France and England. In the Netherlands he met Peter Camper in Groningen , Eduard Sandifort in Leiden , Andreas Bonn (* June 17, 1738, in Amsterdam; September 2, 1817 ibid.) And in The Hague the engraver Pieter Lyonet (* July 21, 1706 in Maastricht; † January 10, 1789 in The Hague).

In Paris he lived for three months in the house of Pierre-Joseph Desault , made the acquaintance of Pierre Charles Alexandre Louis , Felix Vicq d'Azyr , Louis Jean Marie Daubenton , Antoine Portal (born January 5, 1742 in Gaillac; † July 23, 1832 in Paris) and attended courses in obstetrics with Jean-Louis Baudelocque . In Rouen he worked for four months at the local military hospital Hotel-Dieu under the surgeon Jean Pierre David (* 1737 in Gex; † August 21, 1784 in Rouen). He spent five months in London with William Hunter , where he interacted with Joseph Banks , John Schelden (born July 6, 1752 in London - † October 8, 1808), William Cumberland Cruikshank , Matthew Baillie , Percivall Pott , John Hunter and William Farquharson (1760 in Edinburgh; † 1822 ibid.) Had. In this way he expanded his scientific knowledge and came back to Jena. After his return in 1782, he built an anatomical theater, the Accouchierhaus maternity hospital , a medical and surgical hospital and a natural history cabinet in Jena . Karl August von Sachsen-Weimar-Eisenach appointed him personal physician in 1781, court counselor in 1782 and, due to his merits, in 1799 a secret court counselor. He was also involved as a physician in Jena and the same group.

As head of the Jena Natural History Cabinet, he put together a collection of more than 4,000 anatomical objects on the initiative of his sovereign ruler Johann Wolfgang von Goethe , who was interested in natural science and his secret councilor, Johann Wolfgang von Goethe , which he took with him when he left Jena in 1803. During his 25 years of activity in Jena, a number of medical writings emerged, including his Tabulae anatomicae quas ad illustrandam humani corporis fabricam (German anatomical tables for the promotion of knowledge of the human body, with German and Latin text ) , which he wrote between 1794 and 1803 the most important systematic and complete collection of images of the human body at the time. Between 1797 and 1801 he published the Journal of Surgery, Obstetrics and Forensic Medicine , which appeared in four volumes. In Jena, Loder also took part in the organizational tasks of the Salana. He was dean of the medical faculty and in the winter semesters 1781, 1788, 1797, and in the summer semester 1799 rector of the alma mater .

During his time in Jena, Loder maintained close contacts with Christoph Wilhelm Hufeland and Goethe. Goethe acquired his knowledge of anatomy from Loder and learned how to dissect from him. This collaboration also resulted in Goethe's rediscovery of the human intermaxillary bone (1784) in the Jena anatomy (anatomy tower), made together with his friend Loder . Even Alexander von Humboldt and Wilhelm von Humboldt , who participated together with Goethe in 1797 on a dissection Loders, and Barthel von Siebold became his disciples. At this time Loder was considered the most important anatomist in Germany and, in addition to research and teaching in his actual field, also made a name for himself as a forensic doctor, ophthalmologist, physiologist and obstetrician.

Loder was a member of the Weimar Freemason Lodge Anna Amalia , in which he was promoted to journeyman on the same day as Goethe in 1781 and promoted to master with Goethe and Duke Karl August in 1783. He became an affiliate on December 10, 1803 in Halle at the Lodge Zu den Drei Degen , of which he was a member until 1811.

Halle and Königsberg

In 1803 he moved to the University of Halle as a Prussian privy councilor , where, in addition to his teaching activities as a professor of medicine, he again stood out by founding a hospital and a clinic for obstetrics. After the French entered Halle as a result of their victory in the battle of Jena and Auerstedt in 1806, he turned down the offer of civil service and instead followed the Prussian royal family in their exile in Königsberg . Here he became royal Prussian personal physician Friedrich Wilhelm III in 1808 . von Prussia , he received the Prussian nobility diploma on November 27, 1809 for his services and was appointed real councilor and personal physician.

Imperial Russian personal physician in Moscow

He then went to Saint Petersburg and Moscow and was appointed by Tsar Alexander I in 1810 to be his personal physician and Imperial Russian State Councilor. During the French occupation of Moscow during the Russian campaign Napoleon used it Russian wounded in specially built for this purpose military hospitals. Between 1813 and 1817 he headed the Moscow Military Hospital and expanded it during this time to include a separate wing for officers, which was financed by a donation of 25,000 rubles from the Moscow merchants. In 1818, Tsar Alexander Lofer bought the anatomical collection for 50,000 silver rubles and donated it to Moscow University . In the new anatomy building built under his direction and financed by the tsar with 100,000 rubles, which was inaugurated in 1819, Loder taught as an honorary professor of medicine for the next few years . During this time he published a Latin manual of anatomy ( Elementa anatomiae humani corporis , 1823) and published a list of the specimens in the Moscow anatomical collection ( Index praeparatorum aliarumque rerum ad anatomen spectantium , 1823). He published his last work after the Moscow cholera epidemic of 1830. After his death on April 16, 1832, a marble bust was placed in the anatomical collection of Moscow University in his honor.

Loder was an honorary member of the Academy of Sciences in Saint Petersburg since 1794 and a corresponding member of the Prussian Academy of Sciences since 1809 and an honorary member since 1812 . He was also a member of the Royal Society of Science in Göttingen and other learned societies and associations in Moscow, Vilnius, Paris, Vienna, Padua, Zurich, Erlangen, Hanau, Jena, Halle. He received the Order of St. Anne, second class with diamonds , the Grand Cross of the Order of St. Vladimir, 2nd class, and was a knight of the Royal Prussian Red Eagle Order, 2nd class. He was President of the Church Council of the Moscow Evangelical Congregation in St. Michael, a member of the Imperial Russian Law Commission, a member of the Moscow Knighthood and the Imperial Medical College.

family

Loder was married twice. His first marriage was on September 27, 1778 in Göttingen with Wilhelmine Dorothea Victoria Röderer (* July 15, 1756 Göttingen; † July 5, 1791 in Jena), the daughter of the professor of obstetrics in Göttingen Johann Georg Roederer (* May 15 , 1791) 1726 in Strasbourg; † April 4, 1768 ibid.) And his wife Elisabeth Clara Wahl (born February 3, 1735 in Gießen; † 1758 in Göttingen). His second marriage was on December 26, 1792 in Göttingen with Charlotte Luise Auguste Richter (May 17, 1773 in Göttingen; † 1847), the daughter of the medical professor August Gottlieb Richter (1742-1812). Children come from marriages. We know of these:

  • Eduard Loder (born August 4, 1786 in Jena, † December 23, 1812 in Königsberg / Prussia) associate professor of medicine
  • Bertha Loder (born July 26, 1788 in Jena; † October 23, 1789 ibid.)
  • Hermann Loder (* August 21, 1791 in Jena; † September 13, 1791 ibid.)
  • Ida Auguste Loder (born June 13, 1794 in Jena; † August 22, 1795 ibid.)
  • Bertha Loder (September 24, 1796 in Jena; † 1842) married. with Carl von Lützow (1794–1868)
  • August Loder (* 1804 in Halle; † 1810)

Publications (selection)

  • Translation of the third part of Euler's lettres a une Princesse d 'Allemagne. Riga and Leipzig 1772
  • Some individual philosophical treatises. (1773)
  • Mr. Vitet's lessons in cattle Harzney art; Translated from the French, with comments by Joh. Polykarp Erxleben. of Part 1, Volume 2, on the Formation and Use of Parts in Horses and Cattle. Lemgo 1776
  • Diss. Synchondroseos ossium pubis sectionem in partu difficili instituendam denuo expendit. Göttingen 1778 ( books.google.de )
  • Diss. Primae lineae neurologiae corporis humnai Comment. I. Pro Loco. Jena 1778
  • Anatomical manual. Jena, 1788, Volume 1, ( online ); 2nd edition Jena 1800.
  • Observations and experiences about the follicles and their eradication. Leipzig 1793 (published and translated from the Latin by Bernhard Heinrich Jakobsen, online )
  • Surgical and medical observations, mostly in the Herzogl. from the Saxon-Weimar hospital in Jena. Volume 1, Weimar, 1794.
  • Surgical and medical observations, mostly in the Herzoglich Sachsen-Weimarschen medical and surgical hospital in Jena. Jena 1794
  • Anatomical boards for promoting knowledge of the human body. and lateisch under the title: Tabulae anatomicae quas ad illustrandam humani corporis fabricam. Jena 1794-1803; 2nd volumes with copper plates and 4th volumes. Text; (Volume 1, 1794 ( books.google.de ); 1803, Volume 1, Online ; Volume 2 books.google.de )
  • as Ed .: Journal of Surgery, Obstetrics and Forensic Medicine. Jena 1797, Volume 1, ( online ); Jena 1800, 2nd volume, ( online ); Jena, 1802, 3rd volume, ( online ); Jena 1806, Volume 4, ( online ).
  • Outline of the anatomy of the human body. For use in lectures and secir exercises. Jena, 1806, volume 1, ( online )
  • Oratio die inaugurationis novi Theatri Anatomici Nov. X, 1819 publice habita: Adiecta est versio Rossica; cum tab. aen. Moscow 1819 ( online )
  • Beginnings of surgery. Jena 1800, 1st volume
  • Detailed anatomical description of the human body, for use in self-study. Erfurt 1803, 2 volumes.
  • Verba, quibus auditores hortatus est. Moscow 1820
  • Index praeparstorum aliarumque rerum ad anatomen spectantium, quae in museo caesaerae univertatis Mosquensis servantur. Moscow 1823; 2nd edition Moscow 1826
  • Elementa anatomiae humani corporis, quae tironibus artis medicae apud caesaream Mosquensem universitatem honorarius ejus sodalis Justus Christianus a Loder etc. exposuit. Moscow.Riga-Dorpat, 1823, Vol. I. ( books.google.de )
  • About the preparation of artificial mineral water according to the method of Mr. D. Struve in Dresden. Moscow 1825
  • About cholera disease. A missive. Königsberg 1831 ( online )
  • Additions to his work on cholera disease. Königsberg 1831 ( online ).
  • as Ed .: Robert Wallace Johnson's new system of childbirth based on practical perception . Leipzig 1782, 2 volumes ( online )

literature

  • Claudia Kleinbub: An Atlas of the Human Body. Justus Christian von Loder: Tabulae anatomicae quas ad illustrandam humani corporis fabricam, Volume 1. Weimar, Landes-Industrie-Comptoir, 1803. In: Reise in die Bücherwelt. Prints from the Duchess Anna Amalia Library from seven centuries. Böhlau, Cologne 2011, ISBN 978-3-412-20692-5 , pp. 96-97
  • Katja Regenspurger: Justus Christian Loder and the founding of the Jena Accouchierhaus in 1778/79. In: From Accouchierhaus to University Women's Clinic. Symposium 230 Years of the Jena Women's Clinic. Municipal museums, Jena, 2011, ISBN 978-3-942176-18-7 , pp. 47–71
  • Gottwalt Klinger: On the 250th birthday of the anatomist, surgeon and obstetrician Justus Christian Loder (1753 - 1832). In: Yearbook of the Academy of Charitable Sciences in Erfurt. Academy of Charitable Sciences, Erfurt, 2001, ISSN  1618-8411 , pp. 22-27
  • Steffen Kublik: Justus Christian Loder (1753 - 1832), from ambitious university professor to personal physician of the Tsar. In: Pioneers of modern medicine. Jena physicians from three centuries, from Loder and Hufeland to Rössle and Brednow. Bussert & Stadeler, Jena, 2004, ISBN 3-932906-43-8 , pp. 49-71
  • Juris Salaks: Goethe and his anatomy teacher Justus Christian von Loder. In: Gēte un Baltija. Goethe and the Baltic countries. Nordik, Riga, 2002, ISBN 9984-675-93-9 , pp. 120-131
  • Ilse Jahn: The anatomical studies of the Humboldt brothers under Justus Christian Loder in Jena. In: Contributions to the history of the University of Erfurt (1392-1816). Erfurt, 1969, issue 14, pp. 91–97, ( online )
  • Steffen Kublik, Gerlinde Countess von Westphalen: Justus Christian Loder (1753–1832): anatomist, surgeon and Imperial Russian personal physician. Grossbodungen, 2003, ISBN 3-00-013061-6 .
  • Gerlinde Countess v. Westphalen zu Fürstenberg: Justus Christian v. Loder (1753-1832): anatomist, surgeon u. Imperial Russian personal physician, in: Deutsches Adelsblatt - Bulletin of the Association of German Aristocratic Associations, Volume 42, No. 5 - May 15, 2003, pp. 113–115.
  • Ernst Julius Gurlt:  Loder, Justus Christian von . In: Allgemeine Deutsche Biographie (ADB). Volume 19, Duncker & Humblot, Leipzig 1884, pp. 76-79.
  • Markwart Michler , Heinz Müller-Dietz:  Loder, Justus Christian von. In: New German Biography (NDB). Volume 15, Duncker & Humblot, Berlin 1987, ISBN 3-428-00196-6 , pp. 7-10 ( digitized version ).
  • Katja Regenspurger, Patrick Heinstein: Justus Christian Loder's Tabulae anatomicae (1794–1803): anatomical illustrations between scientific, artistic and mercantile demands. In: Medical History Journal. Vol. 38, 3/4 (2003), ISSN  0025-8431 , pp. 245-284.
  • August Hirsch , Ernst Julius Gurlt : Biographical lexicon of the outstanding doctors of all times and peoples. Urban & Schwarzenberg Verlag, Vienna and Leipzig, 1886, Volume 4, p. 23 ( archive.org )
  • Georg Christoph Hamberger , Johann Georg Meusel : The learned Teutschland or lexicon of the now living German writers. Meyer, Lemgo, 5th ed. 1797, Volume 4, p. 484 ( books.google.de ); 1803, Volume 10, p. 218 ( books.google.de ); 1805, Volume 11, p. 493 ( books.google.de ); 1810, Volume 14, p. 451 ( books.google.de );
  • Johann Friedrich von Recke , Karl Eduard Napiersky : General writers and scholars lexicon of the provinces of Livonia, Esthland and Courland . Johann Friedrich Steffenhagen and son , Mitau, 1831, volume 3, p. 92, ( books.google.de )
  • Johann Gottlob Bernstein: History of surgery. Schwickert, Leipzig, 1823, Volume 2, p. 219, ( books.google.de )
  • Friedrich August Schmidt : New necrology of the Germans . Bernhard Friedrich Voigt , Ilmenau, 1834, 10th year, 1st part, p. 293 ( online )
  • Werner E. Gerabek, Bernhard D. Haage, Gundolf Keil, Wolfgang Wegner: Encyclopedia of medical history . Walter de Gruyter, Berlin 2007, ISBN 978-3-11-019703-7 , Volume 1, p. 860

Web links

Commons : Ferdinand Justus Christian Loder  - Collection of images, videos and audio files

Individual evidence

  1. ^ Dates according to the Gregorian calendar.
  2. ^ August Gottlieb Richter: Deanery program for the doctorate of Loder. Göttingen 1747, ( online )
  3. ↑ Stefan Wolter: "... does not force me to go where I should be forgotten of all modesty" From the beginnings of the Jena maternity hospital . In: Christine Loytved (Ed.): From the Wehemutter to the midwife. The establishment of midwifery schools with a view to their political value and their practical use . (Women's Health, Volume 1). Osnabrück 2001, pp. 79-96.
  4. ↑ Wolfgang-Hagen Hein: Alexander von Humboldt. Life and work . Boehringer, Ingelheim 1985, ISBN 3-921037-55-7 , pp. 49 .
  5. ↑ Jutta Herde: Lecture short version - "The anatomist and surgeon Justus Christian Loder - a friend of Goethe" . 2002
  6. ↑ Nicholas Boyle: Goethe. The poet of his time . Volume I: 1749-1790. Translated from English by Holger Fliessbach. CH Beck'sche Verlagsanstalt, 3rd edition Munich 2000, p. 387.
  7. ^ FA Eckstein: History of the Masonic Lodge in the Orient of Halle. Gebauer Buchdruckerei, Halle 1844, p. 267.
  8. ↑ Compare also: Heinz Müller-Dietz: J. Chr. Loders relations to Berlin, Prussia and to his king, Friedrich Wilhelm III. In: Sudhoffs Archiv 71, 1987, 1, p. 12 ff.
  9. ^ Members of the previous academies. Christian von Loder. Berlin-Brandenburg Academy of Sciences , accessed April 30, 2015 .
  10. ^ Leopold von Zedlitz-Neukirch : New Preussisches Adels-Lexicon , Reichenbach, Leipzig, 1837, 3rd volume p. 281 ( books.google.de ) and Conservations-Lexicon. New episode. Friedrich Arnold Brockhaus , Leipzig, 1825, 2nd volume, 1st section or Volume 12, 1st half, p. 139 ( books.google.de )
personal data
SURNAME Loder, Justus Christian
ALTERNATIVE NAMES Loder, Ferdinand Justus Christian; Loder, Iustus Christian
BRIEF DESCRIPTION German-Baltic anatomist, surgeon, personal physician to Tsar Alexander I.
DATE OF BIRTH March 12, 1753
PLACE OF BIRTH Riga
DATE OF DEATH April 16, 1832
Place of death Moscow