Bonus-malus regulation

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A bonus-malus regulation is understood to mean a system that aims to achieve the desired behavior with positive and negative incentives and thus exercises a type of "control function" based on the polluter pays principle .

Examples of bonus-malus regulations

Germany

Bonus-malus regulation in the area of ​​drug prescriptions

This regulation in the area of ​​drug ordinances in the German health system was based on the Drug Supply Economy Act (AVWG), which came into force on May 1, 2006. From 2007 it provided for penalties for doctors if they exceeded the daily therapy costs set for certain illnesses (malus). If doctors, on the other hand, prescribed particularly cheap alternative drugs or prescribed smaller doses, the Association of Statutory Health Insurance Physicians received a bonus.

The underlying daily therapy costs were calculated from drugs in the lower third of the price and an assumed mean daily dose ( DDD ). Individual peculiarities, the severity of the illness and any accompanying illnesses were not taken into account.

Medical associations criticized the fact that this regulation rewards the rationing of medical services and that the relationship of trust between doctor and patient can be shaken by the bonus regulation.

After the Bundesrat had called the mediation committee against this regulation, the objection of the Bundesrat was overruled by the Bundestag.

For 2008, the health insurances and the National Association of Statutory Health Insurance Physicians agreed that the bonus-malus regulation would no longer apply. The bonus-malus regulation in the area of ​​drug regulations was repealed with the drug market reorganization law from 2010.

Renewable Energy Act

In the Renewable Energy Sources Act of 2000, a cost - covering feed -in tariff for electricity from renewable energies ( wind energy , hydropower , solar energy , etc.) is legally stipulated. Whereby the construction of the energy generation plant is not subsidized, only the electricity actually generated and fed in is paid for. The economic risk remains with the plant operator. The introduction of the EEG led to a boom in the industry concerned. To avoid competitive disadvantages, particularly electricity-intensive companies can be partially exempted from the EEG surcharge .

Combined Heat and Power Act

The combined heat and power law of 2002 is intended to ensure investment security for existing and new combined heat and power plants. In addition to the “normal” feed-in tariff, the system operators receive a bonus for each kilowatt hour (kWh) fed in .

Austria

Bonus-malus system for motor vehicle liability insurance

Every registered owner starts at level 9 , i.e. at 100% of the tariff premium. If it causes at least one damage within the observation period, which runs from October 1 to September 30 of the following year, it increases by three levels for each damage. If he drives without damage, the level is reduced by one. The B / M level is then adjusted on the next main due date of the contract. There is the possibility that the damage will be paid by the policyholder himself and that he will keep his level. As a rule, it pays off with a loss amount of 150% of the current annual premium. Many insurance companies offer "free damage". This rule states that damage will not result in downgrading.

step 0/1 2/3 4/5 6/7 8/9 10/11 12/13 14/15 16/17
percent 50% 60% 70% 80% 100% 120% 140% 170% 200%

The percentage reduction in the premium due to the bonus level can vary from insurer to insurer. The discounts are contained in the general conditions for motor vehicle liability insurance of the individual insurers.

social insurance

The bonus / malus system is based exclusively on the employment or termination of employment relationships subject to unemployment insurance. If you change from a marginal employment relationship to an employment relationship subject to unemployment insurance with the same employer, the bonus is due. Likewise, a malus amount must be paid when changing from an employment relationship that is subject to unemployment insurance to marginal employment.

Standard consumption tax (NoVA)

On July 1, 2008, a bonus-malus system was introduced for new vehicles. Vehicles with more than 180 grams of CO 2 emissions per kilometer have since paid a penalty of 25 euros; vehicles with less than 120 grams of CO 2 emissions have a bonus of 300 euros. Since January 1, 2010, a penalty of 25 euros has been due for vehicles from 160 grams / kilometer. There is a bonus of 200 euros for those vehicles that fall below the nitrogen limit values ​​and particle emissions.

Pension system

There is a discount from the old-age pension if you draw it early and a bonus if you work longer.

Web links

Individual evidence

  1. a b c Holger Rogall: Economics of Sustainability: Fields of Action for Politics and Economy . Verlag für Sozialwissenschaften 2004, ISBN 3-8100-4215-3 ( google.de [accessed on September 5, 2015]).