Brachodidae

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Brachodidae
Brachodes appendiculata

Brachodes appendiculata

Systematics
Class : Insects (Insecta)
Order : Butterflies (Lepidoptera)
Subordination : Ditrysia
Superfamily : Sesioidea
Family : Brachodidae
Scientific name
Brachodidae
Agenjo , 1966

Brachodidae are a family of diurnal small butterflies ( moths ). The approximately 140 species are distributed over most of the world.

features

The moths are small to medium-sized, with a fore wing length of about 5 to 14 millimeters, they are predominantly diurnal. One thing they have in common is the absence of the Jordanian organ (Chaetosema). Almost always two, mostly strikingly large, ocelli are present, they are only missing in the neotropical genus Hoplophractis (this one with a remarkably smaller head). The complex eyes are large and unscaled. The maxillary palps usually consist of three limbs and are small, the labial palps are three-limbed , with an elongated but not curved second segment, they are usually short and stretched upwards. The antennae of the males are combed , sometimes with lamellar widened teeth, while the antennae of the females are mostly thread-shaped, they have no thickening. Fore wings often have a chorda (a transverse artery in the basal fore wing that separates a cell called an areola), but never a pterostigma . There is a patch of tightly fitting small hairs (microtricha) called the adhesive patch or spinarea, it fixes the wings in the resting position. The cubital and medial arteries of the fore wing are normal, their branches are not partially united (stalked). The coloring is usually held in dark or earthy tones with little drawing, often with iridescent metallic bands or spots. At rest, the wings are folded like a roof over the abdomen.

The Brachodidae are distinguished from the other families of the superfamily mainly by the lack of characteristics and at first glance hardly distinguishable from other small butterflies. They are smaller than most Sesiidae and never, like these, in the shape of a wasp with unscaled wing fields, and they lack the characteristic wing coupling mechanism of these. Different from the Castniidae, besides the mostly smaller body size and the narrower wings, the antennae which are not thickened at the end (apex).

Only a few larvae have been described so far.

Taxonomy

The family was formerly called Atychiidae Duponchel, 1843, Brachodidae is an alternative name for it. This is because the genus Atychia Latreille, 1809, the type genus of the family Atychiidae, is a younger homonym of Atychia Ochsenheimer, 1808 (a genus of the ram or Zygaenidae, is now considered a synonym of Adscita Retzius, 1783). According to the rules of zoological nomenclature (Article 39), a family name on this basis is not permitted. The family, in today's sense, was established by Heppner and Duckworth in 1981, the type genus is Brachodes Guenée, 1845. Ramón Agenjo Cecilia had already described a subfamily under the name Brachodinae in 1966, so that the name of the family, according to the nomenclature rules, gave him is attributed. The Brachodidae, in the sense of Heppner and Duckworth, comprise two subfamilies, Brachodinae and Phycodinae, which were previously not considered closely related. The togetherness of the groups and the monophyly of the Brachodinae are considered by some taxonomists to be uncertain. In 1991 Joel Minet suspected that the monogeneric subfamily Pseudocossinae (it only includes the genus Pseudocossus of Madagascar) could belong to the Brachodidae. This assumption was later confirmed.

Genera

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ a b c ED Edwards, P. Gentili, M. Horak, NP Kristensen, ES Nielsen: The cossoid / sesioid assemblage. Ch. 11, pp. 181-182. In: NP Kristensen (editor): Lepidoptera, Moths and Butterflies . Vol. 1: Evolution, Systematics, and Biogeography. Handbook of Zoology. A natural history of the phyla of the animal kingdom / Handbook of Zoology. A Natural History of the Phyla of the Animal Kingdom. Volume IV Arthropoda: Insecta Teilband / Part 35: 491 pp. Walter de Gruyter, Berlin, New York 1999. ISBN 978-3-11-015704-8 limited preview on Google Books
  2. ^ A b c John B. Heppner & W. Donald Duckworth (1981): Classification of the Superfamily Sesioidea (Lepidoptera: Ditrysia). Smithsonian Contributions to Zoology no. 314, 144 pages.
  3. ↑ a b Brachodidae across Europe. Identification aid for the butterfly species found in Europe . Lepiforum e. V .: Determination of butterflies (Lepidoptera) and their pre-imaginal stages. accessed on January 16, 2018.
  4. ↑ Ramón Agenjo Cecilia: Catálogo ordenador de los lepidópteros de España. 1946-1977.
  5. ^ Joel Minet (1991): Tentative reconstruction of the ditrysian phylogeny (Lepidoptera: Glossata). Insect Systematics & Evolution 22 (1): 69-95. doi: 10.1163 / 187631291X00327
  6. ↑ Jerome C. Regier, Charles Mitter, Andreas Zwick, Adam L. Bazinet, Michael P. Cummings, Akito Y. Kawahara, Jae-Cheon Sohn, Derrick J. Zwick, Soowon Cho, Donald R. Davis, Joaquin Baixeras, John Brown , Cynthia Parr, Susan Weller, David C. Lees, Kim T. Mitter (2013): A Large-Scale, Higher-Level, Molecular Phylogenetic Study of the Insect Order Lepidoptera (Moths and Butterflies). PLoS ONE 8 (3): e58568. doi: 10.1371 / journal.pone.0058568
  7. ↑ Nieukerken, EJ van, Kaila, L., Kitching, IJ, Kristensen, NP, Lees, DC, Minet, J., Mitter, C., Mutanen, M., Regier, JC, Simonsen, TJ, Wahlberg, N. , Yen, S.-H., Zahiri, R., Adamski, D., Baixeras, J., Bartsch, D., Bengtsson, B.Å., Brown, JW, Bucheli, SR, Davis, DR, De Prins , J., De Prins, W., Epstein, ME, Gentili-Poole, P., Gielis, C., Hättenschwiler, P., Hausmann, A., Holloway, JD, Kallies, A., Karsholt, O., Kawahara, AY, Koster, S. (JC), Kozlov, MV, Lafontaine, JD, Lamas, G., Landry, J.-F., Lee, S., Nuss, M., Park, K.-T. , Penz, C., Rota, J., Schintlmeister, A., Christian Schmidt, B., Sohn, J.-C., Solis, MA, Tarmann, GM, Warren, AD, Weller, S., Yakovlev, RV , Zolotuhin, VV & Zwick, A. (2011): Order Lepidoptera Linnaeus, 1758. In: Zhang, Z.-Q. (Editor): Animal biodiversity: An outline of higher-level classification and survey of taxonomic richness. Zootaxa, 3148: 212-221.
  8. ↑ Axel Kallies (2004): The Brachodidae of the oriental Region and adjacent Territories. (Lepidoptera: Sesioidea). - Tijdschrift voor Entomologie 147, 2004: 1-20, figs.1-35.

literature

  • EJC Esper ("1779") [1778–1786]: The European butterflies Zweyter Part which the evening butterfly from Tom. II. Tab. 1 - Tom. II. Tab. XXXVI. Cont. XI. and the arcs [A] to [Gg] contains: 1-234, pl. I-XXXVI. Erlangen (Wolfgang Walther).
  • A. Kallies: A contribution to the knowledge of the Oriental and Australian Brachodidae. (Lepidoptera, Sesioidea). Tinea 15 (4) 1998: 312-337.
  • A. Kallies: Brachodes flagellatus sp. n. from Tibet (Lepidoptera: Sesioidea, Brachodidae). News from the Entomological Association Apollo NF 23 (3) 2002: 159–160.
  • A. Kallies: The Brachodidae of the Oriental region and Adjacent territories (Lepidoptera: Sesioidea). Tijdschrift voor Entomologie 147 (1) 2004: 1-20.
  • A. Kallies; M. Wang & Y. Arita: A new species of Phycodes from China. (Lepidoptera: Sesioidea: Brachodidae). Zootaxa , 2797: 54-56. Preview 2011.
  • AK Zagulajev: New and little known moth species (Lepidoptera: Thyrididae, Brachodidae) in the fauna of Russia and neighboring territories. Entomological Review 79 (6) 1999: 679-690. Abstract: [1] .
  • John B. Heppner: A new Brachodes moth from Hainan Island, China. (Lepidoptera: Brachodidae). Lepidoptera Novae (Gainesville) 2 (2) 2009: 121-124.
  • John B. Heppner: Encyclopedia of Entomology . Little Bear Moths (Lepidoptera: Brachodidae). Pp. 2211-2212. Gainesville, Florida 2008 ISBN 978-1-4020-6242-1
  • O. Steudinger: (1879-1880 [159-368: 1879; 369-435: 1880]): Lepidoptera fauna of Asia Minor. - Horae societatis entomologicae rossicae 15: 159-435. St. Pétersbourg (V. Besobrasoff & Comp.).

Web links

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