Brachieper
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Common pipit ( Anthus campestris ) |
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| Scientific name | ||||||||||||
| Anthus campestris | ||||||||||||
| ( Linnaeus , 1758) |
The tawny pipit ( Anthus campestris ) is a bird art from the family of Wagtail (Motacillidae).
This large pipit species inhabits the southern and central Palearctic from northwest Africa and Portugal to central Siberia and as far as Inner Mongolia . The common pipit mainly inhabits steppes, semi-deserts and deserts. In Central Europe, the distribution is patchy and essentially limited to sandy open areas in the area of military training areas and cultivation areas; Due to changes in the habitat, the stocks here are declining. The species migrates long distances and spends the winter in the Sahel region south of the Sahara , in northeast Africa, in Arabia, in southern Iran and in western India .
description
The wood pipit has a body length of 15.5 to 18 cm and is therefore larger than the better-known tree pipit . The top is monochrome light brown-gray. The wings are dark gray-brown, the hand wings have a narrow light brown border on the outer flags, the arm wings are wide with a light brown border. The middle arm covers are contrasting darker brown-gray than the small and large arm covers; all covers are edged beige-white at the tips. The tail is black-brown, the two outer tail feathers are cream-colored at the end in a field that tapers to the base.
The species shows a strong, light stripe over the eyes that ends above the ear covers. The narrow rein stripe, the cheek stripe and the very narrow chin stripe are blackish. The throat is white. The upper breast sometimes shows some dark lines on the sides and the flanks are slightly yellowish, the rest of the underside of the torso, the throat and the lower tail-covers are white. Young birds are strongly darkly streaked and scaled on the top of the head, upper back and shoulders, the chest is clearly dark, longitudinally streaked and spotted.
The legs are light brown, the slender bill is brown-gray, the lower beak is lightened at the base. The rear claw is relatively short compared to other beepers.
On the ground, pipit usually walk upright on stilts .
Vocalizations
The contact call is a sparrow-like "zschlippp, thief". The simple chant, usually performed in a wave-like singing flight, but also by a seat attendant or from the ground, consists of two to three syllables, something like "zirluih ... zirluih ... zirluih". Females can also sing, in doing so they adapt their singing to the male mated with him. The females sing especially when they approach and take off from the nest.
distribution and habitat
The distribution area of the Brachpieper includes parts of the southern and central Palearctic from Northwest Africa and Portugal through southern and central Europe to central Siberia and to Inner Mongolia . The northern limit of the distribution runs in Europe from the Atlantic coast over the north of Denmark and the extreme south of Sweden to the east through the northern Baltic states and then in Russia at 53-55 ° N.
The Brachpieper primarily inhabits open, warm landscapes such as steppes, semi-deserts and deserts. In Central Europe, the distribution is patchy and is essentially limited to sandy open areas in the area of military training areas and cultivation areas; in addition, coastal dunes, clearcuts and burned areas in dry coniferous forests and urban fallow land are settled. Extensive, vegetation-free or barely overgrown areas, small-scale grass cliffs and dwarf shrubs as well as individual trees as waiting areas are important for settlement.
nutrition
The pipit feeds on insects , especially beetles, grasshoppers, two-winged birds and ants, while caterpillars also play an important role in raising the young.
Reproduction
The nest is hidden in the vegetation on the ground. It consists of fine vegetable material. In Central Europe, eggs are laid from mid-May to early June, and often second broods take place from the end of June. The clutch consists of 3-6, usually 4-5 eggs. The breeding season lasts 12-13 days. The incubation is carried out exclusively by the female. The nestlings can be fed by both parents, but often the female feeds predominantly. The young birds fledge after 12 to 15 days, but the plumage is only fully grown after 28-30 days.
hikes
The Brachpieper is long-distance migrant . The withdrawal from the breeding areas takes place from mid-August and lasts until the end of September; the last stragglers are found in Central Europe at the end of October, in exceptional cases at the beginning of November. The birds overwinter in the Sahel region south of the Sahara, in northeast Africa, in Arabia, in southern Iran and in western India.
The migration begins at the end of February, in Central Europe the breeding grounds are mostly occupied from mid-April to mid-May.
Existence and endangerment
In Central Europe, the species has declined sharply after 1965, the main causes are considered to be habitat changes through cultivation, afforestation, shrubbery, overbuilding and a generally higher nutrient input. In Germany, the fallow pipit is classified as “critically endangered” (category 1) on the red list .
There is no reliable information about the world population , the IUCN gives a rough estimate for the European population of 2.1-3.9 million individuals. According to the IUCN, the species is not endangered worldwide.
The brook pipit is a species in Appendix I of the EU Birds Directive (RL 79/409 / EEC) for which bird protection areas are to be designated.
Eponyms
The asteroid (8776) Campestris is named after Anthus campestris .
literature
- Lars Svensson , Peter J. Grant, Killian Mullarney, Dan Zetterström: The new cosmos bird guide. Kosmos, Stuttgart 1999, ISBN 3-440-07720-9 , p. 244 f.
- Einhard Bezzel : Compendium of the birds of Central Europe. Passeres - songbirds. Aula, Wiesbaden 1993, pp. 73-76, ISBN 3-89104-530-1 .
- Siegfried Krueger: The Brachpieper . A. Ziemsen-Verlag, Wittenberg Lutherstadt 1989, ISBN 3-7403-0225-9 .
- Hennig Schumann: The brood occurrence of the Brachpieper in Lower Saxony. Circular 6 of AZHN 1, 1947, p. 43 (only reproduced).
Web links
- Anthus campestris in the endangered Red List species the IUCN 2008. Posted by: BirdLife International, 2008. Accessed on 19 November, 2008.
- Videos, photos and sound recordings of Anthus campestris in the Internet Bird Collection
- Age and gender characteristics (PDF; 3.2 MB) by Javier Blasco-Zumeta and Gerd-Michael Heinze (English)
- Feathers of the broken pipit
Individual evidence
- ↑ Christoph Grüneberg, Hans-Günther Bauer, Heiko Haupt, Ommo Hüppop, Torsten Ryslavy, Peter Südbeck: Red List of Germany's Breeding Birds , 5 version . In: German Council for Bird Protection (Hrsg.): Reports on bird protection . tape 52 , November 30, 2015.