Brazilian integralism
The Brazilian integralism was a right-wing political movement in Brazil , which in the party founded in 1932 Ação Integra Lista Brasileira was formed (integralist action of Brazil). The Integralists gained political influence under the presidency of Getúlio Vargas , but were disbanded with the proclamation of the Estado Novo in 1937. In ideology and self-presentation, integralism was close to European fascism .
history
On October 7, 1932, Plínio Salgado published the founding manifesto of the Ação Integralista Brasileira (AIB) in the context of the Sociedade de Estudos Políticos , a collection of intellectual admirers of fascism . Salgado's view of the world was influenced by Italian fascism , but also contained strong Christian elements, which is why it tends to be characterized as clerical fascist . Like similar movements in Europe , the Integralists were bitterly hostile to Marxism and liberalism . Although Salgado spoke out against anti-Semitism , AIB leaders like Gustavo Barroso were notorious for their hatred of Jews .
Around 1935 the popularity of the integralist movement peaked. Many Brazilians of German and Italian descent sympathized with the AIB. At the same time, President Getúlio Vargas turned to the Integralists, who saw them as potential allies in the fight against the growing Partido Comunista do Brasil . The AIB party militia, which appeared in green shirts, then fought numerous bloody street battles with the communists .
However, when Vargas gained dictatorial powers in 1937 and proclaimed the Estado Novo , he turned away from the Integralists and had the ABI banned. An integralist attempted coup against the president failed in 1938. As a result, the ABI split into several splinter groups, and in 1945 Plínio Salgado founded the Partido de Representação Popular . Political groups still exist in Brazil today that invoke integralism.
literature
- Stefan Rinke , Frederik Schulze: Small history of Brazil . (= Beck series ; 6092). CH Beck, Munich 2013.
- Walther L. Bernecker , Horst Pietschmann , Rüdiger Zoller: A Brief History of Brazil. Suhrkamp, Frankfurt am Main 2000, ISBN 3-518-12150-2 . ( Edition Suhrkamp ; Volume 2150).
- Stefan Bergmann: Brazil's green shirts - grabbing power. Integralism: A right-wing extremist movement in the 1930s . Brazil customer publisher, Mettingen 1996, ISBN 978-3-88559-062-0 .
- Bradford E. Burns: A History of Brazil. 3. Edition. Columbia University Press, 1993, ISBN 0-231-07955-9 .
- Carlos Henrique Hunsche: The Brazilian Integralism. History and essence of the fascist movement in Brazil . Kohlhammer, Stuttgart 1938.