League of Outlaws

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The Union of Outlaws was an early socialist- oriented organization of German emigrants in Paris that emerged in 1834 .

history

The forerunner of the organization was the German Volksverein in Paris, founded in 1832 by German emigrants and craftsmen , which was banned due to a change in the law in 1834 and was originally founded as a branch of the German Press and Fatherland Association. The German People's Association was led by the businessman Hermann Wolfrum (* 1812) and the journalist Joseph Heinrich Garnier (* 1800).

After the association was banned, its former members founded the Association of Outlaws as a secret society . Jacob Venedey and Theodor Schuster played an important role in this .

In terms of content, the federal government was based on comparable French organizations such as the Société des Saisons by Louis-Auguste Blanqui . The federal government published its own magazine called The Outlaw .

A conspiratorial practice developed with an authoritarian leadership who deliberately covered themselves in a mystical darkness. It is estimated that the federal government had around 500 members. The emigrated Vormärz politician Georg Fein probably took part in meetings of the federal government and published in the magazine Der Geächtete .

According to the statutes, the aim of the federal government was the “liberation and rebirth of Germany and the implementation of the principles stated in the declaration of human rights and civil rights.” This was announced to the ordinary members. In the statutes of the mountain, which were made known to the higher grades, it was said: “Liberation of Germany from the yoke of shameful servitude and establishment of a condition which, as much as human foresight can do, prevents relapse into servitude. The achievement of this main purpose is only possible with the establishment and maintenance of social and political equality, freedom, civic virtue and national unity, initially in the territories belonging to the German language and customs, but then also with all other peoples of the earth ”.

The organization split as early as 1836. A radical wing formed the League of the Just , from which the League of Communists later emerged. This included Karl Schapper , Wilhelm Weitling , Heinrich Bauer and Joseph Moll . With them about four hundred followers left the covenant of the outlaws. This then lost its importance.

Documents

  • Statutes of the League of Outlaws ("Mountain" or "Camp" statutes) around 1834/1835
  • Statutes of the League of Outlaws ("General" - Statutes) around 1834/35
  • Creed of an outlaw . [Paris 1834]
  • Statutes of the League of Outlaws ("mountain" or "camp" statutes) . [Paris 1834]
  • (Theodor Schuster): Thoughts of a Republican . In: The Outlaw . Paris 2nd year 1835
  • The outlaw. Magazine in connection with several German friends of the people . Second volume. unchanged. New printer of the Paris 1835 edition, Detlev Auvermann, Glashütten / Taunus 1972, digitized from page 58

literature

  • Minutes of the German Federal Assembly. Frankfurt a. M. 1842
  • Werner Kowalski : Prehistory and emergence of the League of the Just. With a source attachment . Rütten & Loening, Berlin 1962
  • Werner Kowalski: From petty-bourgeois democracy to communism. Magazines from the early days of the German labor movement (1834-1847). . Akademie-Verlag, Berlin 1967 (archival research on the history of the German labor movement 5.1)
  • Werner Kowalski (ed.): From petty-bourgeois democracy to communism. The main reports of the federal central authority in Frankfurt am Main from 1838 to 1842 on the German revolutionary movement . Akademie-Verlag 1978 (archival research on the history of the German labor movement 5.2)
  • Dieter Fricke (Ed.): The bourgeois parties in Germany: Handbook of the history of the bourgeois parties and other bourgeois interest organizations from Vormärz to 1945 . Berlin 1968, volume 1, p. 110 ff.
  • Hans-Joachim Ruckhäberle : Early Proletarian Literature. The leaflets of the German journeyman's craft associations from Paris 1832-1839 . scriptor, Kronberg i. Ts. 1977
  • Jacques Grandjonc, Michael Werner : Wolfgang Strähls 'Letters from a Swiss from Paris' 1835. On the history of the Union of Outlaws in Switzerland and Heine's reception among German craftsmen in Paris . Trier 1978 ( writings from the Karl-Marx-Haus issue 21)
  • Detlef Lehnert: Social democracy between protest movement and ruling party 1848–1983 . Frankfurt 1983, p. 24 f. ISBN 3-518-11248-1 .
  • Joachim Höppner, Waltraud Seidel-Höppner: The covenant of outlaws and the covenant of justice . In: Helmut Reinalter (Ed.): Political associations, societies and parties in Central Europe 1815-1848 / 49 (series of publications by the International Research Center "Democratic Movements in Central Europe 1770-1850", Vol. 38), Frankfurt / Main a. a. 2005, pp. 89-153. ISBN 3-631-54138-4 .

Web links

Individual evidence

  1. ^ Wolfgang Schieder : Beginnings of the German labor movement. The foreign associations in the decade after the July revolution of 1830 , Ernst Klett Verlag, Stuttgart 1963, p. 14ff.
  2. ↑ Cf. Dieter Lent: Finding aid for the inventory of the estate of the democrat Georg Fein (1803 - 1869) and the Fein family (1737-) approx. 1772-1924 . Lower Saxony Archive Administration, Wolfenbüttel 1991. p. 86.
  3. ↑ Max Beer: General history of socialism
  4. ↑ The League of Communists. Documents and materials. 1836-1849 . Vol. 1, Dietz Verlag, Berlin 1970, pp. 975-982.
  5. ↑ The League of Communists. Documents and materials. 1836-1849 . Vol. 1, Dietz Verlag, Berlin 1970, pp. 982-985.
  6. ↑ The League of Communists. Documents and materials. 1836-1849 . Vol. 1, Dietz Verlag, Berlin 1970, pp. 975-982.