Joseph Heinrich Garnier

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Joseph Heinrich Garnier (born July 13, 1802 in Rastatt ; † around 1855 ) was a German journalist and publicist from Vormärz .

Life

Academic years and time in Paris

The innkeeper 's son enrolled as a math student at Heidelberg University in 1818 . The further course of his studies is unclear, but according to various sources he seems to have attended philological and legal lectures and passed the state examination for teaching in Rastatt in 1822. He did not get a state job. He worked as a language teacher in Freiburg and went to Paris at the end of 1828. From 1830 to 1832 Garnier maintained an extensive correspondence with Karl von Rotteck and wrote for the Allgemeine Politischen Annalen, new series, and the Freiburger Freinnigen, which had been published in Stuttgart von Rotteck since 1830 . Garnier reported on the political situation in Germany for the Paris newspaper Le Globe . About the July Revolution of 1830 he said to Rotteck: “Paris was literally three days without any authority, and fellows in rags guarded the treasures; every rag in Paris is a hundred thousand times better than a ---, and I will be honored if I am counted among the mob for this. "

In February 1832 his student friend from Heidelberg, Joseph Savoye , persuaded him to join the German Fatherland Association to support the free press , the Paris branch of the German Press and Fatherland Association . At this point in time, Garnier was already maintaining regular correspondence with the liberal-democratic newspaper Deutsche Tribüne published by Johann Georg August Wirth . The association's provisional ten-person committee included Garnier, clerk Hermann Wolfrum , Ludwig Börne and Heinrich Heine . Garnier saw himself as a Republican: “We don't need kings, through our courage we will wake up the French who will stand by us! We want equality, and the Germans should no longer be slaves. ” After the press association was renamed the German People's Association , Garnier and Wolfrum were part of the leadership committee.

Heinrich Heine, who had distanced himself from the German revolutionaries in Paris, spoke out several times about Garnier's “medisance” (French for defamation), the “most ardent idiot” who “possessed all demagogic talents in the highest degree. A person with a lot of spirit, also a lot of knowledge and great eloquence. But an intriguer. ” He admitted, “ Garnier would certainly have played a part in the storms of a German revolution; but since the piece was not performed, he felt bad. ” Heine thought Garnier was a loyal supporter of Ludwig Börne and so Garnier's characteristics surprised him:“ Ordinary man and head. May be a mauvais subject. [...] Is considered a traitor by all his acquaintances. Wolfrum, his confidante, who knew of all his activities and partly directed them, declared himself to be there. “For Börne's biographer Inge Rippmann, his negative attitude towards authoritarian secret societies seems to have contributed to the devastating verdict. In the spring of 1833, Garnier had founded a secret society called the Atonement League with eight journeymen within the German People's Association, which corresponded to the organizational proposals of Giuseppe Mazzini , but also had connections to the Charbonnerie and La Fayette . From the Sühnungsbund later should Confederation of outlaws emerge.

The republican publicist and writer Friedrich Seybold contrasted this in his memories from Paris. In 1831 a correspondent for the Augsburger Allgemeine Zeitung , who had anti-Jewish stereotypes, with a “Christian German liberal” who also corresponded “and gave lessons in English, German and French” . He was referring to Garnier, because in 1831 he had shared an apartment with Seybold on Montmartre . In 1834, just a few months after Garnier, Seybold anonymously published a similarly momentous Kaspar Hauser work with the title Kaspar Hauser or the Findling. Romantically portrayed by xxx .

Garnier's Kaspar Hauser pamphlet

Garnier traveled to Germany to deepen political contacts and was arrested in Karlsruhe on April 5, 1833, two days after the so-called Frankfurt Wachensturm . The Baden court in Rastatt acquitted him, but the federal central authority in Frankfurt enforced a suspension of the judgment and he was further detained. His months of isolation, during which the next of kin were neither given a reason for arrest nor granted the right to speak to him, led to a fundamental debate in the Second Chamber about the personal freedom of the citizen and about the separation of judiciary and executive after Karl von Rotteck Mother Garniers had presented a petition to the Chamber.

Despite the ongoing legal proceedings, Garnier was released from custody under certain conditions, fled to France in October 1833 and was assigned Wissembourg in Alsace by the local authorities , as he was not allowed to return to Paris. In March 1834 in Strasbourg he published “Some articles on the history of Caspar Hauser, along with a dramaturgical introduction.” The pamphlet was accepted by the printer GL Schuler, who printed many texts from German refugees. The distribution of all fonts published by Schuler was banned in Germany in September 1834. In his pamphlet Garnier attacked persons in the Baden ministerial bureaucracy, among others. a. the privy councilor responsible for the school system Johann Evangelist Engesser (1778-1867), who had refused Garnier's state employment as a teacher. He also brought the Baden diplomat Johann Heinrich David von Hennenhofer into connection with the death of Kaspar Hauser , who was rumored to be an heir to the throne of Baden . The alleged involvement of Hennenhofer in the speculative prince myth, widely spread and imaginatively embellished, had its starting point in Garnier's pamphlet.

In English translation, almost completely and accompanied by a detailed letter from Garnier to the editor, the brochure was republished in 1847 in the Journal of Literature and Popular Progress edited by William Howitt and taken over by the American The Eclectic Magazine that same year. In his letter Garnier asks for Howitt's cooperation in the publication of a new Kaspar Hauser book that should contain everything, “that is known until now to the public, and also to me.” Garnier is convinced that the Grand Duchess of Baden, Stephanie Kaspar Hauser's mother is and spins further conspiracy theoretical assumptions, in which he also includes Amschel Mayer von Rothschild , an unnamed Baden ambassador and the contemporary scandal surrounding the Jewish banker Moritz von Haber. The book was never published, but the handwritten original concept, documents collected and commented on by Garnier (including letters from Ernst Dieffenbach ) are in Georg Fein's estate, which is kept in the Wolfenbüttel State Archives .

London

Garnier settled in London in 1834, where he worked with moderate success as a publicist, journalist and translator. He initiated a German reading association and in the summer of 1834 published the magazine Deutsches Leben, Kunst und Poesie , which had only four issues , in which he reviewed Heinrich Heine's book of songs in the first number and in the second number of September 5, again the Kaspar- Commented Hauser's question. In 1835 he also wrote the foreword to the volume of poetry Die Möwe by Harro Harring and anonymously published Der Berliner Congress von 1838. A fragment . Until the break with the editorial team in 1843, Garnier delivered correspondence reports from England for the Augsburger Allgemeine Zeitung .

When in the spring of 1837 supporters of the secret society Young Germany, together with German clerks and craftsmen based in London, founded the association for mutual support and instruction , Garnier's social contacts ensured the financial existence of the association. However, as the support organization quickly came under the control of the Young Germans, Garnier called the so-called German Society into being as their opponent . In the opinion of the historian Wolfgang Schieder , who refers to a paper on the history of workers' associations drafted by Garnier in Freiburg custody in 1852, it should have been the more important, especially since the older support association had to contend with the high fluctuation of its young German leaders. Karl Schapper , who came from France, joined Garnier's German Society , but founded the German Education Society for Workers with politically like-minded members in 1840 . Like Schapper, but also Georg Fein , Karl August Varnhagen von Ense and others, Garnier is listed as an author for the Deutsche Londoner Zeitung , which appeared from 1845 to 1851 .

In London Garnier had contacts with John Stuart Mill , Thomas Carlyle , Henry Cole and William Howitt. In the tea salon table of Jane Welsh Carlyle he met his equally exiled friends from Paris time again, including Giuseppe Mazzini and Godefroy Cavaignac . All of them observed that Garnier was mentally confused in spurts and even led to paranoia. Thomas Carlyle outlined his short biography Garniers in key words:

“Garnier came from Baden, an exiled revolutionary, brimming with rebellious confusion of the usual kind, with its usual consequences; a black-eyed, tall, sturdy-looking mountain of a man; his face completely cut with scars (from duels during his student days ), but with impressive openness, honesty, sagacity and good-naturedness: he endowed his dirty appearance with heroic dignity: hardly anyone here saw himself or herself endured so exposed to the experience of poverty and misery more pride. He had a solid scholarship, a good deal of loose knowledge; wrote from time to time, and if he had been of a moderate frame of mind he could have written all the time [...] Poor fellow! He was noticeably towards the end, sometimes quite crazy. "

- Thomas Carlyle

The last few years

Under unexplained circumstances, Garnier returned to Germany in the late 1840s, but probably under the influence of the revolution of 1848 . In 1848, for example, he published the text Should Germany become Austrian or Austria become German with Hanemann in Rastatt ? Some publicistic treatises. Only the first volume was published, Who should become German Kaiser? At the end of 1851 he was arrested, apparently on Prussian instigation, and held in Freiburg for five months. The background is likely to have been the arrests of over 200 foreigners, arranged by the Paris Police Prefect Carlier in coordination with Prussian police officers, in September 1851, including members of the Paris parishes of the League of Communists by August Wittlich and Karl Schapper. At the request of the authorities, Garnier not only gave written information about his life and the circumstances in which his Kaspar Hauser pamphlet was created, but he also wrote a history of the workers' associations at the request . As a justification, as Schieder pointed out, read with great caution. In addition, Garnier's problematic mental state must be taken into account. After his release, all trace is lost. The year of death 1855, which is widespread in the literature, refers to the information in the investigation file, which is in the General State Archives in Karlsruhe .

Works

literature

Individual evidence

  1. ^ Wolfgang Strähl: Letters from a Swiss from Paris 1835-1836; new documents on the history of early proletarian culture and movement , edited by Jacques Grandjonc, Waltraud Seidel-Höppner and Michael Werner, Topos Verlag, Vaduz 1988, p. 558, ISBN 3-289-00380-9
  2. ^ Antonius van der Linde : Kaspar Hauser - a new historical legend , Limbarth, Wiesbaden 1887, Volume 2, p. 123
  3. ↑ Rüdiger von Treskow: Illustrious Defender of Human Rights! Karl von Rotteck's correspondence, Volume 1, Freiburg i. Br. / Würzburg 1990, pp. 145f.
  4. ↑ Hans-Joachim Ruckhäberle (Ed.): Early Proletarian Literature. The pamphlets of the German journeyman's craft associations in Paris 1832–1839 , Königstein / Ts. 1977, p. 69
  5. ↑ Hans-Joachim Ruckhäberle (Ed.): Early Proletarian Literature. The pamphlets of the German journeyman's craft associations in Paris 1832–1839 , Königstein / Ts. 1977, p. 13
  6. ↑ Hans-Joachim Ruckhäberle (Ed.): Early Proletarian Literature. The pamphlets of the German journeyman's craft associations in Paris 1832–1839 , Königstein / Ts. 1977, p. 15f.
  7. ↑ a b Schieder, p. 15 ff.
  8. ↑ Düsseldorfer Heine Ausgabe, Vol. 11, Ludwig Börne - Ein Denkschrift , p. 68ff., P. 86f.
  9. ^ Inge Rippmann: Börne-Index , 1st half volume, Berlin, New York, 1985, p. 211
  10. ↑ Schieder p. 24
  11. ↑ Arthur Schielinsky: Censorship in the Vormärz. The trial against the Württemberg writer Friedrich Seybold in 1832 , Frankfurt 1983, ISBN 3-8204-7786-1
  12. ^ [1] Friedrich Seybold: Olla Potrida, Stuttgart 1834, p. 156ff. Abridged reprint of Memoirs from Paris published in 1832. Compare also Rutger Booß : Views of the Revolution. Paris reports by German writers , Berlin 1977, p. 76f.
  13. ↑ Rüdiger von Treskow: Illustrious Defender of Human Rights! Karl von Rotteck's correspondence , Volume 1, Freiburg i. Br. / Würzburg 1990, p. 144, note 11
  14. ↑ Negotiations of the assembly of estates of the Grand Duchy of Baden in 1833. Containing the minutes of the second chamber with their annexes, officially published by the chamber itself. Third booklet. Karlsruhe 1833, [2]
  15. ↑ Rüdiger von Teskow: Illustrious defender of human rights! Karl von Rotteck's correspondence, Volume 2, Freiburg i. Br. / Würzburg 1992, p. 261 See also von Treskow, Volume 1, p. 145 (further references)
  16. ^ Antje Gerlach: German Literature in Swiss Exile , Vittorio Klostermann, Frankfurt am Main 1975, ISBN 978-3-465-01042-5 , p. 257
  17. ↑ Peter Fasel: Revolte and Judenmord: Hartwig von Hundt-Radowsky (1780 - 1835) , Berlin 2010, p. 248
  18. ^ [3] Howitt's Journal of Literature and Popular Progress, Vol.I., 1847, from p. 257 in continuations
  19. ^ [4] The Eclectic Magazine of Foreign Literature, Science, and Art. May to August, New York 1847, pp. 505-519
  20. ↑ Archived copy ( Memento of the original from May 31, 2008 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. Leonhard Müller: Course and Background of the 'Haber Scandal' @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.karlsruhe.de
  21. ↑ Finding aid for the holdings of the estate of the democrat Georg Fein (1803–1869) and the Fein family (1737–) approx. Edited by Dieter Lent (= publications of the Lower Saxony archive administration. Inventories and smaller publications of the state archive in Wolfenbüttel, issue 6), Wolfenbüttel 1991, p. 169f. ISBN 3-927495-02-6
  22. ^ The Berlin Congress of 1838. A fragment , London 1838, [5]
  23. ↑ Schieder, p. 61ff.
  24. ^ Jacques Grandjonc: German Emigration Press in Europe during the March 1830-1848 , in: Heinrich Heine and the contemporaries. Historical and literary findings. Edited by the Academy of Sciences of the GDR, Central Institute for the History of Literature, and the Center d'Histoire et d'Analyse des Manuscrits Modernes at the Center National de la Recherche Scientifique, Paris, Berlin and Weimar 1979, p. 278
  25. ↑ Archived copy ( memento of the original dated August 30, 2007 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. The Carlyle Letters Online, search for Garnier @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / carlyleletters.dukejournals.org
  26. ↑ Archive link ( Memento of the original from March 5, 2016 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. The Carlyle Letters Online: Footnote to the August 21, 1843 letter  @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / carlyleletters.dukejournals.org
  27. ^ [6] Karl August Varnhagen von Ense , Diaries, Section 7, p. 135, entry from March 26, 1852
personal data
SURNAME Garnier, Joseph Heinrich
BRIEF DESCRIPTION German journalist and publicist
DATE OF BIRTH July 13, 1802
PLACE OF BIRTH Rastatt
DATE OF DEATH around 1855