Carabinae
| Carabinae | ||||||||||||
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Smooth ground beetle ( Carabus glabratus ) |
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| Systematics | ||||||||||||
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| Scientific name | ||||||||||||
| Carabinae | ||||||||||||
| Latreille , 1802 |
The Carabinae are a subfamily of the ground beetle family (Carabidae). 460 species and subspecies are known in Europe. The group is likely to be para- or polyphyletic . With the cicindini, it includes one of the most peculiar and puzzling tribes of ground beetles.
features
Beetle
The four tribes Carabini , Ceroglossini , Pamborini and Cychrini include large and colorful species. Many species of the subfamily, especially those of their largest genus, the real ground beetle ( Carabus ) are colored with a metallic sheen and have a conspicuous pattern on the wings (elytra). The beetles are small (e.g. genus Notophilus ) to very large (e.g. genera Carabus and Procerus ). Almost all species are wingless. The spurs of the tibia (splints) of the forelegs and the cleaning organs of the antennae are terminal in the tribes Opisthiini, Carabini and Cychrini. Otherwise a spur is subterminal and the cleaning organs are slightly elongated proximally . The process of the prosternum extends well behind the rear edge of the hips of the hind legs and tapers towards the tip. The indentations on the front hips are open. The meso ventrite is typical of the subfamily, the metepimeron is hidden.
Larvae
The larvae of the Carabinae are very diverse in their appearance. No feature that characterizes the group as a whole is autapomorphy : the cervical and ocular pits are missing, a hypodon (central tooth) is usually developed and is only missing in the genus Opisthius , the muscles of the antennae are not crossed, the mandibles usually carry a penicillum , the hypopharynx is clearly bulging and has a preoral filter, the medial tentoriohypopharyngalis muscle is usually present (in the genus Nebria the tentorium bridge is broken and the muscle is absent), and the verticopharyngalis and tentoriopharyngalis muscles are well developed.
The larvae of the Ceroglossini, Carabini, Pamborini and Cychrini are heavily sclerotized , have a reduced number of bristles on the tergites and sternites and a significantly increased number of pores. The process of sensory perception is reduced on the third antenna segment. The larvae of the Nebriini, Opisthiini and Notiophilini have reduced bristles on TE 6 (tergite), PR 8 (pronotum) and ME 2 (meso- and metanotum) and have coarsely structured microstructures on all tergites.
Way of life
Most species, as well as those of the genera Carabus and Ceroglossus, live on the ground and are more or less specialized in feeding than predators. The adults and larvae of the Cychrini specialize in snails. Those of the genus Calosoma eat butterfly caterpillars , some species also climb trees when hunting. With mass occurrences of caterpillars, some species occur, e.g. B. Calosoma frigidum , in large numbers. The larvae of the genus Notophilus specialize in hunting springtails .
Systematics
The Carabinae comprise nine branches:
- Carabini
- Ceroglossini
- Pamborini
- Cychrini
- Notiokasiini with only one species, Notiokasis chaudoiri Kavanaugh & Negre 1983
- Cicindini
- Opisthiini
- Notiophilini
- Nebriini
supporting documents
Individual evidence
- ↑ Carabinae. Fauna Europaea, accessed January 6, 2011 .
- ↑ a b c d Rolf G. Beutel, Richard AB Leschen: Handbuch der Zoologie - Coleoptera, Beetles, Volume 1: Morphology and Systematics (Archostemata, Adephaga, Myxophaga, Polyphaga partim) . 1st edition. de Gruyter , 2005, ISBN 3-11-017130-9 , p. 131 f . (English).
literature
- Rolf G. Beutel, Richard AB Leschen: Handbuch der Zoologie - Coleoptera, Beetles, Volume 1: Morphology and Systematics (Archostemata, Adephaga, Myxophaga, Polyphaga partim) . 1st edition. de Gruyter , 2005, ISBN 3-11-017130-9 (English).
