Chandella
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The Chandella (also: Chandratreyas ) were a dynasty of the Indian Middle Ages (9th - 16th centuries), which in the 10./11. Century sought the supremacy position in North India. Their center of power was in the Bundelkhand region ; in Khajuraho they left behind the temple complex of Khajuraho, which is world-famous for its erotic representations .
origin
The Chandellas claimed to be of Rajput origin, were also locals, but were probably originally Gonds . Their chief Nannuka seized today's Bundelkhand area around Kalinjar and Khajuraho around 807 when the Pratihara ruler Nagabhatra II (ruled approx. 800–833), who ruled in Kannauj , had to flee from the Rashtrakuta and Pala into the desert of Rajasthan. When Nagabhatra II returned, he had to tolerate the Chandella as his vassals in Bundelkhand.
The heyday of the Chandella
Around 915/16 the Pratihara were again badly beaten; their King Mahipala (ruled approx. 914-943) briefly lost the area around Kannauj to the Rashtrakuta Indra III, whose general Narasimha pursued him through the country. The Chandela rulers Harsha Deva (r. Ca. 900-925) led him back to the throne and since then the Chandella were practically the house Meier last Pratihara -Könige. Around 950 they established themselves in Gwalior and strived (although still formally vassals of the Pratihara) for supremacy in northern India. In 954 the Pratihara king Devapala (ruled approx. 948-954) had to cede the imperial shrine, an idol of Vishnu to the Chandella Yasovarman (ruled approx. 925-950) and in the 960s his successor Vijayapala went to large lands to the Chandella Dhanga (ruled approx. 950-1002) lost, who also outclassed the Kalachuri .
When the Muslim conqueror Mahmud of Ghazni (reigned 997-1030) advanced to pillage India, the Chandella Ganda (reigned around 1002-1025) fell again in the back of the Pratihara. Rajyapala Pratihara fled Kannauj; then accused of being a "traitor" he was defeated and murdered by the Chandella and other princes (1018). But Ganda and his son Vidyadhara also indulged in mystical-erotic debauchery and left the business of government to their Chedi ministers, and Mahmud of Ghazni appeared before Gwalior and Kalinjar (1023) and brought the Chandella a series of severe defeats, which led to the imminent rise of the Kalachuri and Paramara .
- buildings
The largest temples in Khajuraho were built by the Chandella in the 10th and 11th centuries, but in addition to these building measures, they also took care of the water regulation - they built systems that are partly still in use today.
Later time
In the second half of the 11th century, the Chandella state of Kirtivarman (ruled approx. 1060-1100) was restored by adhering to the alliances against the Paramara Bhoja of Dhar (ruled approx. 1021-1065) and the Kalachuri Karna (ruled approx. 1041-1072) participated, who in turn strived for supremacy in northern India, but only conjured up successful alliances of their neighbors.
King Madanavarman Deva (r. Approx. 1128–1165) defeated the Solanki Jayasimha (r. Approx. 1093–1143) and boasted in an inscription that he was king of Kasi, d. H. to have forced the Gahadavala Vijayachandra (r. approx. 1155–1169) to a peaceful pastime.
Heavy defeats against the Chauhan Prithviraj III. (ruled 1178–1192) around 1182 and the Muslims around 1202 affected the Chandella under Paramardi Deva I (ruled around 1165–1202). For the further course of the 13th century, the Chandella were reduced to the status of an insignificant local dynasty by the Islamic attacks (see Sultanate of Delhi ), which, however, still existed until 1569.
Regents
- Nannuka Deva (Nanika) about 820
- Vakpati
- Jayasakti (jejjaka)
- Vijayasakti (Vijjaka)
- Rahila approx. 890-910
- Harsha Deva approx. 900–925
- Yasovarman (Lakshavarman) approx. 925–950
- Dhanga approx. 950-1002
- Ganda (Nanda Rai) approx. 1002-1025
- Vidhyadhara Deva ca. 1025-1035
- Vijayapala Deva approx. 1035-1045
- Devavarman Deva (Devendravarman) approx. 1045-1060
- Kirtivarman Deva approx. 1060–1100
- Sallakshana-varman Deva approx. 1100–1117
- Jayavarman Deva ca.1117
- Prithivivarman Deva approx. 1117–1128
- Madanavarman Deva approx. 1128–1165
- Paramardi Deva (Parmal) approx. 1165–1203
- Trailokyavarman Deva ca. 1203-1254
- Viravarman Deva ca. 1254-1285
- Bhojavarman Deva approx. 1285-1289
- Hammiravarman Deva approx. 1289-1308
literature
- Hermann Kulke, Dietmar Rothermund: History of India. From the Indus culture to today. CH Beck Verlag, Munich 2006, ISBN 978-3-406-54997-7 .