Watering can shells

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Watering can shells
Stirpulina coronata [1]

Stirpulina coronata

Systematics
Subclass : Heterodonta
Euheterodonta
Superordinate : Anomalodesmata
Order :
Superfamily : Clavagelloidea
Family : Watering can shells
Scientific name
Clavagellidae
d'Orbigny , 1844
Bryopa aperta (GB Sowerby I, 1823) (from Reeve, 1873: plate 1, fig. 2, 2a, c)

The watering mussels (Clavagellidae), also leg shells or Siebmuscheln are a shell - family from the large group of Anomalodesmata . The oldest members of the family are known from the Cenomanium ( chalk ). The type genus Clavagella is only known in fossil form.

features

The two-lobed housing typical of mussels is completely redesigned in the course of growth: the initially formed equally or slightly unevenly-folded housing remains small, and the left valve is integrated into a calcareous tube as growth progresses. The right flap remains free in the tube. The lime pipe is formed by long siphons . The size ratio of the lime tube to the original two-lobed housing varies greatly from species to species, from about twice the length to twenty times the length and more. The initially formed two-lobed housing consists of two layers of aragonite , an outer layer consisting of prisms and a middle pearly or homogeneous layer, and an inner prism layer, which apparently can also be missing. The lime tube has a homogeneous microstructure and is also made of aragonite. The tube, which usually stands vertically in or on the substrate, is closed at the bottom (front) with a sieve plate, the upper (rear) end is narrow and open. The sieve plate is often provided on the outside with winding tubular extensions. The lock (of the juvenile case) is largely reduced, mostly only a weak protrusion and a weak recess. The ligament lies internally in the juvenile housing and can be completely reduced in old age (example: Bryopa aligamenta ). The coat is initially indented, later the bay is reduced. The sphincters are initially isomyar (roughly the same size), later they are often greatly reduced. The siphons are very long and have grown together. The free flap and z. In some cases, the left flap integrated into the living tube also continues to grow a little after the juvenile phase. The original case has radial strips and growth strips parallel to the edge.

Differences from the Penicillidae family

The peculiar housing or the secondary living tube can only be confused with the closely related family Penicillidae , which until a few years ago was considered a synonym of the Clavagellidae. In the Penicillidae, both valves are integrated into the tube. The ligament is external, e.g. Sometimes even with a lithodesm. The sphincter muscles are largely reduced, as well as the surface line or the jacket bay. Soon after the metamorphosis, the original two-flap case was no longer enlarged. The growth is limited exclusively to the enlargement of the residential tube and its repair.

Geographical distribution and habitat

The species of the family still alive today live in the Mediterranean and the western Pacific and eastern Indies. The family was more widespread and more diverse in earlier geological ages. The oldest member of the family is known from the Cenomanium (chalk) of France.

The animals live buried in soft or solid sediment, or bury themselves in solid sediment or coral sticks. The drilling is probably done chemically and mechanically. The sexes are separate or the species are simultaneous hermaphrodites .

Taxonomy

The taxon was set up in 1844 by Alcide Dessalines d'Orbigny in the form Clavagellidae, which is correct today. It is now widely recognized, however, prior to 2007, the family became much broader to include the Penicillidae family .

supporting documents

literature

  • Michael Amler, Rudolf Fischer & Nicole Rogalla: Mussels. Haeckel-Bücherei, Volume 5. Enke Verlag, Stuttgart 2000 ISBN 3-13-118391-8 , p. 121.
  • Rudolf Kilias: Lexicon marine mussels and snails. 2nd edition, 340 p., Verlag Eugen Ulmer, Stuttgart 1997 ISBN 3-8001-7332-8 , p. 68.
  • Fritz Nordsieck : The European sea shells (Bivalvia). From the Arctic Ocean to Cape Verde, the Mediterranean Sea and the Black Sea. 256 p., Gustav Fischer Verlag, Stuttgart 1969, p. 162/3.
  • Guido Poppe and Yoshihiro Goto: European Seashells Volume 2 (Scaphopoda, Bivalvia, Cephalopoda). 221 p., Verlag Christa Hemmen, Wiesbaden 1993 (2000 unc. Reprint), ISBN 3925919104 , p. 119.

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ Gérard Paul Deshayes: Description des animaux sans vertèbres découverts dans le bassin de Paris pour servir de supplément à la Description des coquilles fossiles des environs de Paris comprenant une revue générale de toutes les espèces actuellement connues. Volume 1 + separate plate volume, 2nd edition, Paris, London, New York, Baillière, 1860-66 Online at www.biodiversitylibrary.org Plate 1 ( p . 80 Clavagella) .
  2. ^ Lovell Augustus Reeve: Conchologia Iconica, 18 ( Monograph of the Genus Clavagella ): Plates 1–3 + explanations, London, Reeve 1873 online at www.biodiversitylibrary.org .
  3. ↑ Yasuo Kondo, Shin-ichi Sano: Origination of extant heteroconch families: Ecological and environmental patterns in post-Paleozoic bivalve diversification. Palaeontological Research, 13: 39-44, Tokyo 2009 doi : 10.2517 / 1342-8144-13.1.039 .
  4. ^ Brian Morton: The evolution of the watering pot shells (Bivalvia: Anomalodesmata: Clavagellidae and Penicillidae). Records of the Western Australian Museum, 24: 19-64, 2007 ( PDF ).
  5. ^ A b Alcide Dessalines d'Orbigny: Paléontologie française; description zoologique et géologique de tous les animaux mollusques et rayonnés fossiles de France, Terrains crétacés, Tome 3 texts. Paris, Arthus-Bertrand, 1843-1844. Online at www.biodiversitylibrary.org (p. 299).
  6. ^ MolluscaBase: Glossidae JE Gray, 1847 (1840) .
  7. ^ Raymond Cecil Moore (Ed.): Treatise on invertebrate paleontology. Mollusca, 6, Part N, Bivalvia 2. XXXVIII S., S.N491-951, New York, 1969 (S.N858 / 9).
  8. ↑ John Pojeta, Jr., Norman F. Sohl: Ascaulocardium armatum (Morton, 1833), New Genus (Late Cretaceous): The Ultimate Variation on the Bivalve Paradigm. Memoir (The Paleontological Society), 24 (Supplement to Volume 61, No. 6 of the Journal of Paleontology): 1-77, 1987, JSTOR 1315636 .
  9. ↑ Brian Morton: The biology and functional morphology of Dianadema gen. Nov. multangularis (Tate, 1887) (Bivalvia: Anomalodesmata: Clavagellidae). Journal of Zoology, 259 (4): 389-401, 2003 doi : 10.1017 / S095283690300342X .
  10. ↑ a b c Enrico Savazzi: Clavagellacea (Bivalvia) from the Tertiary of the Venetian region, NE Italy. Acta Geologica Polonica, 32 (1-2): 83-91, 1982 ( PDF ).
  11. ↑ Eduardo J. Mayoral: Bivalvia: Clavagellacea (Stirpulina pliocenica nov. Sp.) Del Neógeno Superior de la Cuenca del Bajo Guadalquivir. Treballs del Museu de Geologia de Barcelona, ​​1: 117-134, Barcelona 1990 ( PDF ).
  12. ^ Brian Morton: A cadaver unearthed: the anatomy of the Japanese living fossil Stirpulina ramosa (Bivalvia: Anomalodesmata: Clavagellidae) - the unique specimen in the collections of Emperor Shōwa. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, 169, 776-797, 2013 doi : 10.1111 / zoj.12080 .
  13. ^ Robert B. Stallwood: A Turonian Clavagellid (Bivalvia) from the Ladd Formation of southern California. Journal of Paleontology, 69 (1): 84-88, 1995 ( PDF ).