Clostridiaceae
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| Pribram 1933 |
Clostridiaceae are a family of bacteria . The name is derived from the Greek word closter , which means something like "small spindle" and refers to the cell shape of these bacteria. A number of important disease-causing species are present in the genus Clostridium .
features
The cells are rod-shaped or coccoid , such as B. Sarcina cells . Most species are obligately anaerobic , i.e. that is, they do not tolerate oxygen in their environment. The metabolism is mostly fermentation . The species are usually able to form endospores in order to survive poor environmental conditions. Although the family is a gram-positive bacteria, the Gram test is negative in some species, especially thermophilic (heat-loving) bacteria . An example of this is the species Caloramator indicus , the optimal growth temperature for this species is between 60 and 65 ° C. There are species that can be moved by flagella , as well as immobile ones (e.g. Sarcina ). Motile species of Clostridium , Caminicella , Natronincola and Anoxynatronum are flagellated peritrically (on all sides), Thermohalobacter and Tindallia are flagellated laterally.
ecology
The ecology of this group is very diverse. There are thermophilic (heat-loving) species such as B. Caloramator . Some species are also psychrophilic , i.e. they love the cold. Examples are Clostridium gasigenes and Clostridium psychrophilum . The ability to form endospores and thus to survive poor living conditions makes them ubiquitous. The habitats include a. Wastewater, fresh water, marine sediments, salt lakes, excrement and the habitat in and on the body of animals, including humans.
Some species are important pathogens, such as B. Clostridium tetani , causing the dangerous tetanus . Clostridium acetobutylicum is of biotechnological importance for the production of solvents .
Systematics
The systematics of the Clostridiaceae has been subject to considerable changes in recent years due to the now frequently used phylogenetic analysis of the 16S rRNA gene. Some species previously listed in the genus Clostridia have been assigned to other genera, some of which are listed in other families or even orders. So was z. B. the species Clostridium thermosaccharolyticum to the genus Thermaoanaerobacterium and Clostridium thermoaceticum to the genus Moorella . Both genera belong to the Thermoanaerobacteraceae family of the order Thermoanaerobacterales .
A selection of genera that are part of the family:
- Alkaliphilus Takai et al. 2001 emend. Wu et al. 2010
- Anaerosporobacter Jeong et al. 2007
- Anaerosalibacter Rezgui et al. 2012
- Anoxynatronum Garnova et al. 2003
- Brassicibacter Fang et al. 2012
- Butyricicoccus Eeckhaut et al. 2008
- Caloramator Collins et al. 1994 emend. Ogg and Patel 2011
- Caloranaerobacter Wery et al. 2001
- Caminicella Alain et al. 2002
- Cellulosibacter Watthanalamloet et al. 2012
- Clostridiisalibacter Liebgott et al. 2008
- Clostridium Prazmowski 1880
- Natronincola Zhilina et al. 1999
- Oxobacter Collins et al. 1994
- Sporosalibacterium Rezgui et al. 2011
- Tepidimicrobium Slobodkin et al. 2006 emend. Niu et al. 2009
- Thermobrachium Engle et al. 1996
- Thermohalobacter Cayol et al. 2000
- Thermotalea Ogg and Patel 2009
- Tindallia Kevbrin et al. 1999
Most genera only contain one species (e.g. Brassicibacter mesophilus or Caminicella sporogenes ).
Individual evidence
- ^ A b Jean Euzéby, Aidan C. Parte: Family Clostridiaceae. In: List of Prokaryotic names with Standing in Nomenclature. Retrieved August 5, 2019 .
literature
- Paul Vos, George Garrity, Dorothy Jones, Noel R. Krieg, Wolfgang Ludwig, Fred A. Rainey, Karl-Heinz Schleifer , William B. Whitman: Bergey's Manual of Systematic Bacteriology Volume 3: The Firmicutes . ISBN 978-0387950419