Coenonympha orientalis

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Coenonympha orientalis
Systematics
Class : Insects (Insecta)
Order : Butterflies (Lepidoptera)
Family : Noble butterfly (Nymphalidae)
Subfamily : Eye butterflies (Satyrinae)
Genre : Coenonympha
Type : Coenonympha orientalis
Scientific name
Coenonympha orientalis
Rebel , 1910

Coenonympha orientalis is a butterfly ( butterfly ) from the family of the noble butterfly (Nymphalidae), which occurs very locally in the western Balkans.

description

The moths look similar to the Alpine meadow bird Coenonympha gardetta and Coenonympha leander , but are somewhat larger than gardetta with a fore wing length of 16 to 19 millimeters . The white band on the underside of the hind wing is reduced compared to gardetta and is completely absent in leander . On the upper side of the hind wing there is a reddish orange wedge-shaped spot in the anal angle as in leander , which in gardetta , if present, is only indicated as a line.

Similar species

distribution

Coenonympha orientalis occurs in the Balkans in Serbia ( Maljen Mountains ), Albania , Bosnia-Herzegovina , Montenegro and in northern Greece at the Katara Pass in the Pindus and Epirus Mountains from 800 to 2000 meters altitude.

Flight time

Coenonympha orientalis flies in one generation per year (univoltin) from mid-May to early August.

Systematics

Hans Rebel received two butterflies from the Balkans, one from the eastern Bosnian border mountains on the Ljubicna from about 1,800 meters above sea level on July 20, 1901 and one from Stolac in eastern Bosnia from 1670 meters above sea level on July 25, 1902. Rebel identified them as C. arcania var . philea , today Coenonympha gardetta . He published an illustration of the butterflies in 1904 in volume 19 of the annals of the KK Naturhistorisches Museum , in which the second part of his studies on the lepidopteran fauna of the Balkan countries appeared, and noted that it was an interesting form that was very popular with butterflies in the Alps see similar. The separation from philea took place as Coenonympha arcania var. Orientalis in the book Fr. Berge's Butterfly Book, written by him, based on the current state of lepidopterology in the ninth edition of 1910.

The status of C. orientalis as a species is not shared by all authors. The publication of a work on molecular genetic testing is still pending and Kodandaramaiah and Wahlberg did not examine the population in their 2009 work, so the status is still unclear. Some authors regard it as a separate species, as a subspecies of C. leander , as a subspecies of C. gardetta or as a taxon in the C. arcania / C. gardetta species complex.

The white band on the hind wing underside, which is completely absent in leander, speaks in favor of the “subspecies of gardetta ” view and that the form macrophthalmica Galvagni 1906 of gardetta , which occurs in areas between clear gardetta and orientalis populations, shows characteristics of both. In some northern populations of orientalis , a gray area can be seen in the apex of the underside of the forewing, which is also typical of gardetta and does not occur in leander .

For the view “subspecies of leander ” speaks a reddish orange wedge-shaped spot on the upper side of the hind wing in the anal angle , which in gardetta is completely absent or only indicated as a small line. On the other hand, there are individuals of orientalis who have a strongly reduced white band on the underside of the hind wing, which is only weakly indicated in leander . Orientalis and leander are the same size, while gardetta is significantly smaller and occur at similar altitudes between 500/600 and 1500/1700 meters in the subalpine area in Greece and fly at the same time from late May to mid-July. Gardetta , on the other hand, is clearly alpine, lives at higher altitudes and flies mostly in July and August.

For the classification in the C arcania / C. gardetta species complex speaks that all have a white band on the underside of the hind wing.

The classification as a species represented by the Lepiforum and Fauna Europaea is followed here.

to form

  • C. orientalis f. skypetarum ( Rebel & Zerny , 1931), has less developed eye spots. The holotype comes from Skala Bicajt , Albania .

Hazard and protection

For Coenonympha orientalis , a decrease of over 30% of the populations in Bosnia-Herzegovina has been observed. Too little is known about the way of life to specifically protect the species. The IUCN calls for more research on distribution and ecology and the protection of important habitats.

literature

  • Tom Tolman, Richard Lewington: Butterflies of Europe and Northwest Africa: All butterflies, over 400 species . 2nd Edition. Franckh-Kosmos Verlag, Stuttgart 2012, ISBN 978-3-440-12868-8 , pp. 316 .

Individual evidence

  1. ^ A b C. van Swaay, I. Wynhoff, R. Verovnik, M. Wiemers, M. López Munguira, D. Maes, M. Sasic, T. Verstrael, M. Warren, J. Settele: Coenonympha orientalis . 2010. In: IUCN 2014. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2014.1. Coenonympha orientalis on the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species .; Retrieved July 1, 2014.
  2. ↑ M. Ðuric: The Butterflies of Mountains of the Valjevo Region , Acta Entomologica Serbica, 12, 2007, pp. 43-53.
  3. ↑ Hans Rebel: Studies on the Lepidoptera Fauna of the Balkan Countries . In: Annals of the KK Natural History Museum . tape 19 . Schweitzerbartsche Verlagbuchhandlung, Vienna 1904, p. 174 u. Table 5, Fig. 9 ( PDF on ZOBODAT ).
  4. ↑ Hans Rebel: Fr. Berge's butterfly book on the current state of lepidopterology . 9th edition. Schweizerbart'sche Verlagbuchhandlung, 1910, p. 54 ( archive.org ).
  5. ↑ a b Coenonympha orientalis. Lepiforum e. V .: Determination aid of the Lepiforum for the butterfly species found in Germany, Austria and Switzerland., Accessed on May 15, 2015 .
  6. ↑ U. Kodandaramaiah, N. Wahlberg: Phylogeny and biogeography of Coenonympha butterflies (Nymphalidae: Satyrinae) . In: Systematic Entomology . tape 34 . Wiley, 2009, p. 315–323 ( nymphalidae.net [PDF; 529 kB ; accessed on June 23, 2012]).
  7. ↑ John G. Coutsis, Níkos Ghavalás: A recently discovered new locality for Coenonympha leander in Greece, and notes about the taxonomic position of the species-group taxon Coenonympha orientalis , Phegea, Vlaamse Vereniging voor Entomologie, 2005, ISSN  0771-5277 uantwerpen. be (PDF).
  8. ^ Coenonympha orientalis. FaunaEuropaea, accessed May 11, 2009 .
  9. ^ Franz Josef Groß: Contribution to the distinction between Coenonympha arcania L. and gardetta de Prunner. In: Wiener Entomologische Gesellschaft (Hrsg.): Journal of the Wiener Entomologische Gesellschaft . 1954, p. 372 ff . ( PDF on ZOBODAT [accessed June 12, 2015]).
  10. ↑ Vladimir Lukhtanov: List of Papilionidae . Ed .: UCL - London's Global University. 2007 ( ucl.ac.uk [ MS Excel ]).

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