Butterfly

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Butterfly
Little meadow bird (Coenonympha pamphilus)

Little meadow bird ( Coenonympha pamphilus )

Systematics
Class : Insects (Insecta)
Subclass : Flying insects (Pterygota)
Order : Butterflies (Lepidoptera)
Subordination : Glossata
Family : Noble butterfly (Nymphalidae)
Subfamily : Butterfly
Scientific name
Satyrinae
Boisduval , 1833

The eye butterflies (Satyrinae) are a subfamily of the noble butterflies ( butterflies ) with around 3,000 species in around 400 genera worldwide .

features

Eye butterflies are also called "grass butterflies" because the caterpillars of all Central European species feed on grasses . These are not very nutritious, so grass moth caterpillars require comparatively long development times and are sometimes extremely endangered, since the diversity of grasses depends on the nutrient deficiency of the soil and lean meadows have become rare. The term "eye butterflies" is a little unfortunate because butterflies from other families also show "eyes". However, all butterflies are usually kept in brown and have a comparatively clearly separable eye pattern, which is sometimes extremely inconspicuous. The caterpillars come out of hiding in the evening and can be found in a variety of grassy habitats in the spring. However, some are also visible during the day, usually the length of a little finger, thin, brown or green with stripes. There is a considerable need for research into distribution and ecology.

Systematics

Around 60 species have been identified in German-speaking countries. Over 160 species and subspecies are known from Europe. There are around 400 genera with around 3,000 species worldwide.

The following structure lists the species occurring in the German-speaking area (A - Austria , CH - Switzerland , D - Germany ). The status of the individual species in the Red List of Endangered Animals in Germany is given.

Subfamily Satyrinae

Tribe Elymniini

Tribe Coenonymphini

Tribe Maniolini

Tribe Erebiini

Melanargiini tribe

Chessboard on semi-arid grass

Tribe Satyrini

swell

Individual evidence

  1. ^ Nymphalidae (noble butterflies) in Central Europe. Lepiforum e. V .: Determination aid of the Lepiforum for the butterfly species found in Germany, Austria and Switzerland., Accessed on June 17, 2007 .
  2. ↑ Fauna Europaea Web Service, Version 1.3, April 19, 2007, online: https://fauna-eu.org/cdm_dataportal/taxon/360f1139-94d7-4ad2-b168-8c1d1b617602 (accessed June 17, 2007)
  3. ↑ Federal Agency for Nature Conservation (Ed.): Red List of Endangered Animals in Germany. Landwirtschaftsverlag, Münster 1998, ISBN 978-3-89624-110-8

literature

  • Hans-Josef Weidemann: Butterflies: observe, determine . Naturbuch-Verlag, Augsburg 1995, ISBN 3-89440-115-X .
  • Günter Ebert, Erwin Rennwald (ed.): The butterflies of Baden-Württemberg . 1st edition. tape 1 . Butterflies . 1. General part: systematics, taxonomy and nomenclature, faunistics and ecology, endangerment and protection, data processing; Special part: Papilionidae, Pieridae, Nymphalidae . Ulmer, Stuttgart 1991, ISBN 3-8001-3451-9 .
  • Butterflies. 2. Special part: Satyridae, Libytheidae, Lycaenidae, Hesperiidae . In: Günter Ebert, Erwin Rennwald (eds.): The butterflies of Baden-Württemberg . 1st edition. tape 2 . Ulmer, Stuttgart (Hohenheim) 1991, ISBN 3-8001-3459-4 .
  • Tom Tolman, Richard Lewington: The butterflies of Europe and Northwest Africa . Franckh-Kosmos, Stuttgart 1998, ISBN 3-440-07573-7 .
  • Manfred Koch , Wolfgang Heinicke: We identify butterflies. 3. Edition. Neumann, Radebeul 1991, ISBN 3-7402-0092-8 .
  • Josef Settele, Roland Steiner, Rolf Reinhard, Reinhart Feldmann: Ulmer Naturführer: Butterflies. The butterflies of Germany . 1st edition. Ulmer, Stuttgart 2005, ISBN 3-8001-4167-1 .
  • David J. Carter, Brian Hargreaves: Caterpillars and Butterflies of Europe and their Forage Plants . 1st edition. Paul Parey, Hamburg and Berlin 1987, ISBN 3-490-13918-6 (Original title: A field guide to caterpillars of butterflies and moths in Britain and Europe . Translated by Alexander Pelzer).
  • Malcolm J. Scoble: The Lepidoptera: Form, Function and Diversity . Oxford University Press, Oxford 1995, ISBN 0-19-854952-0 (English).
  • P. Sonderegger: The Erebia of Switzerland (Lepidoptera: Satyrinae, Genus Erebia). - 712 p .; Brügg bei Biel (Publisher: Peter Sonderegger), 2005
  • M. Wiemers: The genus Coenonympha Hübner, 1819, in Europe: systematics, ecology and protection. Oedippus 25: 1-42, 2007.

Web links

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