Red-brown meadow bird
| Red-brown meadow bird | ||||||||||
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Red-brown meadow bird ( Coenonympha glycerion ) |
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| Coenonympha glycerion | ||||||||||
| ( Borkhausen , 1788) |
The red-brown meadow bird ( Coenonympha glycerion ) is a butterfly (day butterfly ) from the noble butterfly family (Nymphalidae). It is spread from Spain through Europe and Siberia to North Korea. The moths fly in a single generation, in Central Europe mostly from mid-June to the end of July. The caterpillars feed on different types of grass.
features
The male moths are chestnut brown on top, the hind wings are a little darker. Orange rings on the outer edge of the hind wings are rarely indicated. In the females with significantly lighter forewings, these rings are much more pronounced. The underside of the forewing is orange with a broad gray outer edge. The orange-brown underside of the hind wing has a narrow orange band on the outer edge and a number of differently sized, white-cored eye-spots with black rings in the marginal region, on the inner edge of which a mostly two-part, irregular, white band runs. The size and number of the eye spots varies from region to region, but they may be completely absent at longer lengths.
Similar species
- Forest meadow bird ( Coenonympha hero )
- White-headed meadow bird ( Coenonympha arcania )
- Alpine meadow bird ( Coenonympha gardetta )
Occurrence
In central and northeastern Spain, the subspecies iphioides occurs from the Cantabrian Mountains and the Pyrenees to the Montes Universales . This forms a hybrid zone with the nominate subspecies in Aragon and the Eastern Pyrenees. The north-western limit of the distribution of the nominate subspecies in Europe runs through southern and central France, Germany, Poland, the Baltic states to southern Finland. To the south it is widespread in Italy to the middle Apennines and on the Balkan Peninsula to the Rhodope Mountains in northern Greece. Distributed to the east via Siberia and the Caucasus to North Korea.
In Europe, the species can usually be found at altitudes of 250 to 1800 meters. In Spain it only rises to 1,600 meters, in the northern Alps to 1,500 meters and in the southwestern Alps to 2100 meters. Here on the underside there are almost unmarked height forms (f. Bertolis Prunner , 1798), which, however, hardly differ genetically and whose subspecies status is no longer recognized.
Way of life
.JPG)
The red-brown meadow bird lives in dry as well as in damp grassy and bushy places and forest clearings. The most important nectar plant is the dost ( Origanum vulgare ), which often blooms in large numbers in the areas. In addition, the moths have also been observed on field thyme ( Thymus pulegioides ), large brown ella ( Prunellu grandiflora ) and other purple-flowered plants.
In Central Europe, the half-grown caterpillar overwinters in the third instar.
Various types of grass serve as food plants for the caterpillars, on which the eggs are also laid. Detected are Brachypodium sylvaticum ( Brachypodium sylvaticum ) Meadow comb grass ( Cynosurus cristatus ), Middle Quaking ( Briza media ), melica ciliata ( Melica ciliata ), Upright brome ( Bromus erectus ), soft brome ( Bromus hordeaceus ) Real sheep Fescue ( Festuca ovina ), common red fescue ( Festuca rubra ), blue whistle grass ( Molinia caerulea ) and timothy ( Phleum pratense ).
Flight time
The moths fly in a single generation, in Central Europe mostly from mid-June to the end of July, but in warm places as early as mid-May and until the end of August at higher altitudes (Bavaria and Austria) and in Spain.
Systematics
Subspecies
- glycerion ( Borkhausen , 1788)
- alta Sheljuzhko , 1937 occurs in the Caucasus.
- heroides Christoph , 1893 is described from Sacha ( Jakutia ) and has ocelles with large white cores; however, the orange rings do not converge as with beljaevi and they are narrower. The fore wing length is 14-15.5 mm.
- iphicles Staudinger , 1892 has translucent ocelles on the hind wing of the male.
- iphioides Staudinger , 1870 occurs in central and northeastern Spain, is larger and always has six eye spots on the underside of the hind wing. The eye-spot at the apex is missing on the upper side of the forewing. Darker, somewhat gray forms occur on moist, acidic soils. In the high altitudes of the Pyrenees and the Montes Universales , hybrids with the nominate form occur (f. Pearsoni Romei ). The status as a subspecies is controversial. Research by Kodandaramaiah and Wahlberg in 2009 showed Coenonympha mahometana to be most closely related to the nominate form. Iphioides is the sister of both of them .
- korshunovi Nekrutenko from the Aj-Petri Mountains in the Crimea is similar to the elevation of the Southwest Alps.
- wutaica Murayama , 1986 occurs in the Altai at an altitude of 1380–1600 meters on meadows and in forests. The basic color of the underside of the hind wings is deep green.
- beljaevi Dubatolov , 1997 occurs in the Russian Far East . The type finds come from the districts of Spassk-Dalni and Anuchino in the south of the Primorye region . In contrast to iphicles in the male it has no translucent ocelles on the hind wing. The black rings on the underside of the hind wings are significantly larger, larger than the distance between them and the orange rings around them converge. In iphicles , they are clearly separated and smaller. The nominate form has very small ocelles on the underside of the hind wing, their diameter is much smaller than their distance. The subspecies heroides also has large ocelles with large white cores, but the orange rings do not converge and are narrower. The fore wing length is 17–19 mm in the male and 16–19 mm in the female.
Synonyms
- Papilio iphis , Coenonympha iphis Denis & Schiffermüller , 1775 (invalid homonym)
- Coenonympha iphioides Staudinger , 1870
- Papilio tiphon Esper, 1777
Hazard and protection
The red-brown meadow bird is not endangered in Austria, on the warning list in Bavaria (category V) and endangered in Baden-Württemberg (category 3).
literature
- Martin Wiemers: The genus Coenonympha HÜBNER, 1819, in Europe: systematics, ecology and protection (Lepidoptera: Papilionoidea: Nymphalidae: Satyrinae) . In: Society for Butterfly Protection (ed.): Oedippus . No. 25 . Pensoft, June 30, 2007, pp. 1–42 ( ( Page no longer available , search in web archives: european-butterflies.ufz.de ) [accessed on June 23, 2012]).
- Tagfalter II (Augenfalter (Satyridae), Bluebirds (Lycaenidae), Dickkopffalter (Hesperiidae)) . In: Günter Ebert, Erwin Rennwald (eds.): The butterflies of Baden-Württemberg . tape 2 . Ulmer Verlag, Stuttgart 1993, ISBN 3-8001-3459-4 .
- Christian Stettmer, Markus Bräu, Patrick Gros, Otmar Wanninger: The butterflies of Bavaria and Austria . Bavarian Academy for Nature Conservation and Landscape Management, 2007, ISBN 978-3-931175-89-4 , p. 112 f .
- Tom Tolman, Richard Lewington: The butterflies of Europe and Northwest Africa . Franckh-Kosmos Verlag, Stuttgart 1998, ISBN 3-440-07573-7 .
Individual evidence
- ↑ a b c d Tolman: The butterflies of Europe and Northwest Africa. 1998, p. 243 f.
- ↑ a b c Stettmer among others: The butterflies of Bavaria and Austria. 2007, p. 112 f.
- ↑ Ebert: Tagfalter II. 1993, p. 115.
- ↑ Wiemers: The genus Coenonympha HÜBNER. 2007, p. 18 f.
- ↑ a b VV Dubatolov: New Data on Taxonomy of Lycaenidae, Nymphalidae and Satyridae (Lepidoptera, Rhopalocera) of the Asian Part of Russia . In: Far Eastern Entomologist . tape 44 , April 1997, ISSN 1026-051X , p. 8–10 ( szmn.eco.nsc.ru [PDF; 264 kB ; accessed on December 22, 2015]).
- ↑ U. Kodandaramaiah, N. Wahlberg: Phylogeny and biogeography of Coenonympha butterflies (Nymphalidae: Satyrinae) . In: Systematic Entomology . tape 34 . Wiley, 2009, p. 315–323 ( nymphalidae.net [PDF; 529 kB ; accessed on December 15, 2015]).
- ↑ Huang Ren-Xin, Shû-iti Murayama: Butterfiies of Xinjiang Province, China. In: Tyô to Ga. 43, No. 1, March 1992, pp. 1-22 ci.nii.ac.jp
Web links
- Lepiforum eV - taxonomy and photos
- nic.funet.fi distribution and subspecies