Wald-Zwenke

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Wald-Zwenke
Forest Zwenke (Brachypodium sylvaticum)

Forest Zwenke ( Brachypodium sylvaticum )

Systematics
Order : Sweet grass (Poales)
Family : Sweet grasses (Poaceae)
Subfamily : Pooideae
Tribe : Brachypodieae
Genre : Zwenken ( Brachypodium )
Type : Wald-Zwenke
Scientific name
Brachypodium sylvaticum
( Huds. ) P.Beauv.

The Wald-Zwenke ( Brachypodium sylvaticum ), also called Wald-Fiederzwenke , is a species of the Zwenken ( Brachypodium ) within the sweet grass family (Poaceae). It is widespread in Eurasia and North Africa.

description

Habitus
Illustration from Flora Batava , Volume 15
Stem with leaf sheath and ligule
Dense, velvety hairy stem knot
Short-stalked spikelet
Spikelets with glumes (Glu), lemmas (Lem) and palea (Pal)

Vegetative characteristics

The Wald-Zwenke grows as a perennial herbaceous plant and reaches heights of 40 to 120 centimeters. It forms no or only very short subterranean runners and dense clumps . The renewal shoots grow up mainly within the lowest leaf sheaths (intravaginally). The stalks are bare, only hairy at the nodes .

The leaf sheaths are glabrous, but the lowest are hairy protruding. The ligula is formed as a 1 to 4 millimeter high, membranous border. The leaf blades of the renewal shoots are soft, dark green, about 10 centimeters long and 4 to 6 (up to 8.5) millimeters wide. The underside of the leaf is dull and hairy. The leaf margin is ciliate.

Generative characteristics

The flowering period extends from July to August (to October). The upright, later overhanging, racemose inflorescence is 8 to 15 centimeters long and contains five to nine, rarely up to twelve spikelets . The spikelet stalks are 0.6 to 1.4 millimeters long, as well as dense and short haired. The spikelets standing alternately on the main axis contain six to eleven (up to fifteen) flowers. Without awn , the spikelet is 20 to 30 (to 40) millimeters long. When ripe, the florets fall individually from the glumes and remain standing. The membranous glumes are almost the same, mostly hairy short. The lower glume is five to seven-veined, 6 to 10 millimeters long and lanceolate, pointed. The upper glume is seven to nine-veined, 8 to 12 (to 15) millimeters long. It is broadly lanceolate and pointed or ends in an awn up to 3.5 millimeters long. The lemmas are seven-veined, 9 to 12 millimeters long, oblong-lanceolate and taper into an 8 to 15 millimeter long awn. It is coarse and hairy on the edges. The awn of the upper lemma of each spikelet is at least as long as the lemma. The palea are two-veined, about as long as the lemma and narrowly elliptical. They are cut off at the top and have short hairy keels. The anthers are 3 to 5 millimeters long, but eight to ten times as long as they are wide.

The fruit ( caryopsis ) is 5 to 8.5 millimeters long. It has a narrow, membranous, short-haired appendage at the tip. As with all Brachypodium species, the fruit has a sickle-shaped cross-section.

The number of chromosomes is 2n = 14, 16, 18, 28, 44 or 56.

Occurrence

The forest Zwenke is widespread from North Africa and Macaronesia , from practically all of Europe to Asia to Indonesia and Japan . It is primarily an oceanic-suboceanic floral element , in East Asia it occurs more tropical-montane. In America and New Zealand she is a neophyte.

In Central Europe , the Wald-Zwenke is common and widespread from the plain to an altitude of 1200 meters. In the Allgäu Alps in Bavaria, southwest of the Grabbichelhütte near Bolsterlang , it rises up to 1,125 meters above sea level. In north-western Germany the species is scattered to rare. In Central Europe, it thrives mainly in demanding mixed deciduous forests and alluvial forests, in bushes, on fields and on forest edges.

The Wald-Zwenke thrives best on fresh, nutrient-rich, base-rich to moderately acidic, low-humus, loose, sandy or pure loam and clay soils . She is rather chalk-loving. It grows mainly in fresh to moist, often water-rich locations. It is a penumbra to shadow plant and a clay pointer.

The forest-Zwenke is a class characteristic of the deciduous deciduous forests (Querco-Fagetea), especially the ash, alder and hardwood forests (Alno-Ulmion) and in moist beech and mixed deciduous forests (Fagetalia sylvaticae), as well as in downy oak forests (Quercion pubescentis ).

In the US state of Oregon , the forest twinkle is considered an invasive plant .

Systematics

It was first published in 1762 under the name ( Basionym ) Festuca sylvatica by William Hudson . The new combination to Brachypodium sylvaticum (Huds.) P.Beauv. was published in 1812 by Ambroise Marie François Joseph Palisot de Beauvois . Other synonyms for Brachypodium sylvaticum (Huds.) P.Beauv. are: Brachypodium sylvaticum subsp. pubescens (Peterm.) Tzvelev , Brachypodium pubescens (Peterm.) Mussajev .

Of Brachypodium sylvaticum there are about three subspecies:

  • Brachypodium sylvaticum (Huds.) P.Beauv. subsp. sylvaticum
  • Brachypodium sylvaticum subsp. spryginii Tzvelev : The subspecies is endemic to the Crimea .
  • Brachypodium sylvaticum subsp. creticum H.Scholz & Greuter is endemic to Crete in the prefecture of Chania . It grows in the Lefka Ori in rock niches, alternately moist soil depressions and in hedgehog upholstered heaths at altitudes of 1100 to 2100 meters. The subspecies reaches heights of growth of 20 to 50 (rarely 12 to 73) centimeters. The stem leaves measure 5.5 to 12 (rarely 3 to 16) centimeters. The grape consists of 2 to 4 (rarely 5) spikelets and only nods a little. The upper glume measures 6.6 to 7.5 (rarely 5.4 to 9) millimeters, its awn up to 0.5 millimeters. The awn of the lemma is 5 to 7 (rarely from 4.5) millimeters long.

swell

literature

  • Hans Joachim Conert: Parey's grass book. Recognize and determine the grasses of Germany . Parey, Berlin 2000, ISBN 3-8263-3327-6 .
  • Manfred A. Fischer, Wolfgang Adler, Karl Oswald: Excursion flora for Austria, Liechtenstein and South Tyrol . 2nd, improved and enlarged edition. State of Upper Austria, Biology Center of the Upper Austrian State Museums, Linz 2005, ISBN 3-85474-140-5 .
  • Ernst Klapp , Wilhelm Opitz von Boberfeld : Paperback of the grasses. Recognition and determination, location and socialization, evaluation and use . 13th revised edition. Eugen Ulmer, Stuttgart (Hohenheim) 2006, ISBN 3-8001-4775-0 .
  • Chen Shouliang, Sylvia M. Phillips: Brachypodium. In: Wu Zheng-yi, Peter H. Raven, Deyuan Hong (Eds.): Flora of China . Volume 22: Poaceae . Science Press / Missouri Botanical Garden Press, Beijing / St. Louis 2006, ISBN 1-930723-50-4 , pp. 369 (English). , PDF file , online.

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ a b Rafaël Govaerts (Ed.): Brachypodium sylvaticum. In: World Checklist of Selected Plant Families (WCSP) - The Board of Trustees of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew . Retrieved June 18, 2020.
  2. ↑ Erhard Dörr, Wolfgang Lippert : Flora of the Allgäu and its surroundings. Volume 1, IHW, Eching 2001, ISBN 3-930167-50-6 , p. 209.
  3. ↑ Global Invasive Species Initiative .
  4. ↑ a b c B. Valdés, H. Scholz, with the assistance of E. von Raab-Straube, G. Parolly, 2009: Poaceae (pro parte majore) : data sheet at Euro + Med Plantbase - the information resource for Euro-Mediterranean plant diversity .
  5. ↑ Ralf Jahn, Peter Schönfelder: Excursion flora for Crete . With contributions by Alfred Mayer and Martin Scheuerer. Eugen Ulmer, Stuttgart (Hohenheim) 1995, ISBN 3-8001-3478-0 , p. 388 .

Web links

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