Whitebinded Moore Butterfly
| Whitebinded Moore Butterfly | ||||||||||||
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White-tailed Moorhen butterfly ( Erebia ligea ), Verrières-de-Joux , Franche-Comté , France. |
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| Scientific name | ||||||||||||
| Erebia ligea | ||||||||||||
| Linnaeus , 1758 |
The white-bound Mohrenfalter ( Erebia ligea ) is a butterfly (day butterfly ) from the family of noble butterflies ( Nymphalidae), within the subfamily of the eye butterflies (Satyrinae). A whole series of German trivial names are used for the species in recent literature: Large Mohrenfalter , Rustbindiger Mohrenfalter , Waldhochgrasflur-Weißsprenkelmohr , Milchfleck , Weißband-Mohrenfalter and Waldmohrenfalter .
features
The white-tailed black butterfly reaches a wingspan of 42 - 54 mm. The size varies somewhat depending on the region, altitude and subspecies. The basic color of the upper sides of the wings of the moth vary from light gray-brown to black-brown. They have a brown-red, orange-red to almost yellowish-brown band of different widths with mostly four, z. Sometimes white-core black eye spots. Occasionally an additional spot can appear in front of or behind the four spots, and rarely one of the usual four spots can be missing. Some spots can also be much smaller than the rest of the spots. Occasionally two spots, usually the two front ones, are very close together and merge to form a double spot. The upper side of the hind wings usually shows three black, partly pithed eye spots. The fringes are checked in black and white.
The underside of the forewings essentially correspond in color and drawing to the upper side. The bandages are often a little wider and often a little lighter. The underside of the hind wings, on the other hand, differs somewhat more from the upper side: on a dark brown basic color, the very characteristic white border (band) of the disk region outwards (milk spot). This white band can be greatly reduced in some specimens and limited to R-M2. Occasionally a second, narrow, speckled white bandage can delimit the root region towards the outside. The red-brown bandage can also approximate the color of the fringe area and be heavily darkened or lightened. If the bandage and the hem area are darkened, the eye spots can hardly stand out from the basic color, unless they are cored white, or they can also have a brownish red border.
The basic color of the egg is oval with a weaker flattened upper end and a more flattened base. After being deposited, it is initially yellowish-white. After a few days it becomes yellowish before fine dark brown to reddish brown spots appear, which make the egg appear brownish. Occasionally this dot is also missing and the egg is beige-yellow. The surface has 14 to 18 longitudinal ribs.
A total of five caterpillar stages are formed. The egg caterpillar has a very large head in relation to its body, which tapers too much towards the rear end. The adult caterpillar grows to about 22 mm long. The basic color is light beige to cream in color. The brownish, lighter-colored topline is only weakly developed on the anterior segments and somewhat more distinct on the posterior segments. Side lines and back lines are a bit lighter, but also only weakly developed and are partially missing completely before pupation. The color of the head varies from light brown to brown. For Erebia species, the caterpillar is relatively hairy. The longest, weakly thorny hairs on the 3rd abdominal segment are up to 0.8 mm long.
The head, thorax and wing sheaths of the stocky looking doll are pale yellowish-brownish. The abdomen is a little lighter in color. The drawing, consisting of an almost regular pattern of dots, is black-brown, the stigmas are colored orange-brown. The cremaster is conical and drawn out in two points, but otherwise not bristled.
Similar species
The white-banded Mohrenfalter differs from the white-banded Bergwald-Mohrenfalter ( Erebia euryale ) by the milk-white band on the underside of the hind wings. Occasionally, the species are difficult to distinguish on the basis of this characteristic (greatly reduced bandage!). Other distinguishing features are: a higher concentration of scent scales on the upper side of the forewings of the males that can be seen with the naked eye in the backlight, a clear delimitation of the submarginal band at the root of the underside of the forewings of the females and differences in the sexual apparatus of males and females. The Graubindige Mohrenfalter ( Erebia aethiops ) has a red-yellow band that is clearly delimited towards the root region of the underside of the forewing and also has uniform gray-brown fringes.
Geographical distribution and habitat
The White-Bound Mohrenfalter lives in the low mountain ranges of Central Europe , in the Alps and their foothills, in Scandinavia, the Baltic States and in large parts of central and northern Russia. The species is absent in large parts of France (with the exception of the Alpine region and a small isolated occurrence in the French Massif Central), largely in the Benelux countries (exception: in the Ardennes) and in northern Germany, in Denmark, on the British Isles, on the Iberian Peninsula and largely also on the Apennine Peninsula. Here it occurs only in the Alpine region and in higher parts of the Apennines. In Southeastern Europe the distribution area extends in the mountains of the Balkan Peninsula to northern Greece. In the east, the distribution area extends through Siberia to the Russian Far East, northern China, Korea and Japan.
The moth prefers open, usually also slightly damp forests and forest clearings in which grasses and flowering plants can still thrive. In the Central European low mountain ranges it can be found at an altitude of around 500 to over 1400 meters, in the Alps (Ofen Pass) up to 1900 m. In Scandinavia it even occurs in the coastal regions.
Way of life
The white-banded black butterfly usually has a two-year life cycle. The moths' flight time extends from mid-July to the end of August.
The female of the white-tie moth sticks the eggs to parts of the plant above the ground. The species overwinters as a fully developed egg caterpillar in the egg. In the following year the caterpillars hatch in early spring and grow relatively slowly. The L4 caterpillar overwinters again and pupates in spring.
In Switzerland, Sonderegger (2005) found the caterpillars mainly on forest sedge ( Carex sylvatica ) and bog blue grass ( Sesleria caerulea ), rarely on grove rush ( Luzula ) and nodding pearl grass ( Melica nutans ). Bellmann calls blue pipegrass ( Molinia caerulea ), sheep fescue ( Festuca ovina ) and lime blue grass ( Sesleria albicans ) and "other sweet grasses". Forster & Wohlfahrt (1955) name blood-red foxglove ( Digitaria sanguinalis ) and flutter grass ( Milium effusum ) as further host plants.
Hazard and protection
In Germany, the white-tailed Mohrenfalter is on the warning list (V) of the Red List of Endangered Species.
Taxonomy
Erebia ligea is now divided into numerous subspecies, whose status and regional distribution z. The following are partly unclear:
- Erebia ligea ligea (Linnaeus, 1758), the nominate subspecies in Scandinavia
- Erebia ligea carthusianorum Fruhstorfer, 1909, Alps, Central European Central Mountains
- Erebia ligea kamensis Krulikovsky, 1909, in the Ural Mountains (with the exception of the polar part) and in Western Siberia to the Sayan Mountains
- Eerebia ligea dovrensis beach, 1902, southern Scandinavia, status?
- Erebia ligea eumonia Ménétries, 1859 (incl. E. l. Kamtschadalis Goltz, 1932, E. l. Koreana Matsurama, 1928, E. l. Koreana ab. Hakutozana Matsurama, 1928 and partly E. ligea ajanensis auct., non Ménétries, 1859), TL: Sowetskaja Gawan , Eastern Siberia, Russian Far East, Mongolia, North and Northeast China, Korea
- Erebia ligea herculeana Warren, 1931, Bosnia-Herzegovina, status?
- Erebia ligea takanonis Matsumura, 1909 (incl. E. l. Kisokomana Murayama, 1964), Honshu, Japan
- Erebia ligea sachaliensis Matsumura, 1928, Sakhalin, Russia
- Erebia ligea rishirizana Matsumura, 1928, Hokkaido, Japan
- Erebia ligea lapponica Henriksen, 1982, Northern Fennoscandia, status?
- Erebia ligea nikostrate Fruhstorfer, 1909, Romania
Occasionally, Erebia ajanensis Ménétries, 1857 and Erebia arsenjevi Kurentzov, 1950 were also considered subspecies of Erebia ligea . In the meantime E. ajanensis has been recognized as an independent species again, and arsenjevi Kurentzov, 1950, is considered a subspecies of Erebia ajanensis .
swell
Individual evidence
- ↑ a b Red Lists at Science4you
- ↑ a b c d e f g Sonderegger (2005: pp. 129–146)
- ^ Toman & Lewington (1998: p. 203)
- ^ Philippe Goffart, Tara Mc Carthy, Jenny Renaut: Perspectives de conservation des Moirés fascié et tardif (Erebia ligea et E. aethiops, Lepidoptera, Satyridae) en Wallonie: une illustration de l'importance des écotones. ( Memento from October 27, 2009 in the Internet Archive )
- ↑ a b Ebert & Rennwald (1993: pp. 49–53)
- ↑ Bellmann (2003: p. 202)
- ↑ Forster & Wohlfahrt (1955: p. 22/3)
- ↑ Federal Agency for Nature Conservation (Ed.): Red List of Endangered Animals in Germany. Landwirtschaftsverlag, Münster 1998, ISBN 978-3-89624-110-8
- ↑ a b c d e V. V. Dubatolov, Yu. P. Korshunov, P. Yu. Gorbunov, OE Kosterin and AL Lvovsky: A review of the Erebia ligea complex (Lepidoptera, Satyridae) from Eastern Asia. Ch¯o-to-ga (Transactions of the Lepidopterological Society of Japan), 49 (3): 177-193, 1998 http://fen.nsu.ru/~vvdubat/pdf/TLSJ_49(3)177-193. pdf (link not available)
- ↑ Suvad Lelo: Revised inventory of the butterflies of Bosnia and Herzegovina (Insecta: Lepidoptera: Hesperioidea, Papilionidea). Natura Croatica: periodicum Musei Historiae Naturalis Croatici, 9 (2): 139-156, Zagreb 2000 ISSN 1330-0520 [PDF].
- ↑ a b Tony Nagypal
- ^ Mihai Stănescu: The catalog of the “Ioan Lăzărescu” Collection of Lepidoptera (Insecta) from the “Grigore Antipa” National Museum of Natural History (Bucharest). Travaux du Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle "Grigore Antipa", 48: 213-288, 2005 PDF
literature
- Walter Forster , Theodor A. Wohlfahrt : Butterflies of Central Europe. Volume II. Butterfly diurna (Rhopalocera and Hesperiidae). Franckh'sche Verlagshandlung, Stuttgart, 1955
- Günter Ebert and Erwin Rennwald: The butterflies of Baden-Württemberg. Volume 2. Tagfalter II. Ulmer, Stuttgart 1993, ISBN 3-8001-3459-4
- Peter Sonderegger: The Erebia of Switzerland (Lepidoptera: Satyrinae, Genus Erebia) . Biel / Bienne 2005
- Heiko Bellmann : The new Kosmos butterfly guide. Butterflies, caterpillars and forage plants. Franckh-Kosmos, Stuttgart 2003, ISBN 3-440-09330-1 .
- Tom Tolman and Richard Lewington: The butterflies of Europe and Northwest Africa , Franckh-Kosmos, Stuttgart 1998, ISBN 3-440-07573-7
