Cronobacter

Cronobacter
Systematics
Department :	Proteobacteria
Class :	Gammaproteobacteria
Order :	Enterobacterales
Family :	Enterobacteriaceae
Genre :	Cronobacter
Scientific name
	Cronobacter
	Iversen et al. 2008 emend. Brady et al. 2013
species
	Cronobacter sakazakii; Cronobacter muytjensii; Cronobacter dublinensis; Cronobacter turicensis;

Cronobacter is a bacterial genus from the Enterobacteriaceae family that was rewritten in 2008. The type species in 1980 by Farmer including as sakazakii Enterobacter described and known by that name. Due to taxonomic advances, the renaming to a new genus Cronobacter with different species was proposedin 2007 and the new genus was published in 2008.

properties

Cronobacter is a gram-negative , globally occurring and mobile rod-shaped bacterium. The typical production of a yellow pigment was used for differentiation. Since this does not occur in all strains and also depends on the temperature or the light and the medium, this method is not reliable. Some strains are highly resistant to heat, drought and osmotic stress. In addition, the formation of a biofilm enables adhesion to surfaces made especially of rubber , silicone and polycarbonate , but also, to a lesser extent, to glass or steel.

Occurrence

Due to its properties, Cronobacter can be found practically anywhere. The bacterium has been detected in surface and drinking water, in the soil, in dust and in plants and animals. Contamination on kitchen utensils and washed beer mugs was also found. In food production, Cronobacter has been detected in the dairy industry as well as in the production of chocolate, breakfast cereal products, spices, potato and pasta products and in baby food. Due to the sensitive target group and legal requirements, powdered baby foods are particularly monitored for the occurrence of Cronobacter .

Health importance

Cronobacter can lead to infections. In immunocompromised or elderly people, bacteremia after operations, urinary tract and wound infections as well as post-traumatic bone and joint infections were found. Premature babies and infants in the first eight weeks of life are particularly susceptible, as infection can lead to meningitis , bacteremia and necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC) . However, the occurrence of neonatal Cronobacter infections is very rare: only around 100 cases have been described worldwide. In the literature, infections in immunocompromised premature babies and infants due to poor hygiene in the preparation and storage of infant formula in hospitals have been described.

Web links

Diseases caused by food in infants and toddlers (PDF; 1.3 MB)
Enterobacter sakazakii in baby food (PDF; 31 kB)
Guidelines on the safe use of powdered infant formula ( Memento of January 24, 2008 in the Internet Archive )
Expert meeting on Enterobacter sakazakii (Cronobacter spp.) In Powdered Follow-up Formula

Individual evidence

↑ JJ Farmer, MA Asbury, FW Hickman, DJ Brenner: Enterobacter sakazakii-a new species of Enterobacteriacea isolated from clinical specimens. In: Internat J Systematic Bacteriol. 30, 1980, pp. 569-584.
↑ C. Iversen, A. Lehner, N. Mullane et al.: The taxonomiy of Enterobactersakazakii: prosposal of a new genus Cronobacter gen. Nov. and descriptions of Cronobacter sakazakii comb.nov. Cronobacter sakazakii subsp. sakazakii, comb. nov., Cronobacter sakazakii subsp. malonatricus subsp.nov., Cronobacter turicensis sp.nov., Cronoacter muytjensii sp.nov., Cronobacter dublinensis sp-nov. and Cronobacter genomospecies 1. In: BMC Evol Biol. 7, 2007, p. 64.
↑ C. Iversen, N. Mullane, B. McCardell, BD Tall, A. Lehner, S. Fanning, R. Stephan, H. Joosten: Cronobacter gen. Nov., A new genus to accommodate the biogroups of Enterobacter sakazakii. and proposal of Cronobacter sakazakii gen. nov., comb. nov., Cronobacter malonaticus sp. nov., Cronobacter turicensis sp. nov., Cronobacter muytjensii sp. nov., Cronobacter dublinensis sp. nov., Cronobacter genomospecies 1, and of three subspecies, Cronobacter dublinensis subsp. dublinensis subsp. nov., Cronobacter dublinensis subsp. lausannensis subsp. nov. and Cronobacter dublinensis subsp. lactaridi. subsp. nov. In: International Journal of Systematic an Evolutionary Microbiology. 58, 2008, pp. 1442-1447 doi: 10.1099 / ijs.0.65577-0
↑ ^a ^b ^c M. Friedemann: Health hazard potential of Enterobacter sakazakii (Cronobacter spp.nov.) In baby food. In: Bundesgesundheitsbl-Gesundheitsforsch-Gesundheitsschutz 51, 2008, pp. 664–674.

[1] JJ Farmer, MA Asbury, FW Hickman, DJ Brenner: Enterobacter sakazakii-a new species of Enterobacteriacea isolated from clinical specimens. In: Internat J Systematic Bacteriol. 30, 1980, pp. 569-584.

[2] C. Iversen, A. Lehner, N. Mullane et al.: The taxonomiy of Enterobactersakazakii: prosposal of a new genus Cronobacter gen. Nov. and descriptions of Cronobacter sakazakii comb.nov. Cronobacter sakazakii subsp. sakazakii, comb. nov., Cronobacter sakazakii subsp. malonatricus subsp.nov., Cronobacter turicensis sp.nov., Cronoacter muytjensii sp.nov., Cronobacter dublinensis sp-nov. and Cronobacter genomospecies 1. In: BMC Evol Biol. 7, 2007, p. 64.

[3] C. Iversen, N. Mullane, B. McCardell, BD Tall, A. Lehner, S. Fanning, R. Stephan, H. Joosten: Cronobacter gen. Nov., A new genus to accommodate the biogroups of Enterobacter sakazakii. and proposal of Cronobacter sakazakii gen. nov., comb. nov., Cronobacter malonaticus sp. nov., Cronobacter turicensis sp. nov., Cronobacter muytjensii sp. nov., Cronobacter dublinensis sp. nov., Cronobacter genomospecies 1, and of three subspecies, Cronobacter dublinensis subsp. dublinensis subsp. nov., Cronobacter dublinensis subsp. lausannensis subsp. nov. and Cronobacter dublinensis subsp. lactaridi. subsp. nov. In: International Journal of Systematic an Evolutionary Microbiology. 58, 2008, pp. 1442-1447 doi: 10.1099 / ijs.0.65577-0

[FRIEDMANN-4] M. Friedemann: Health hazard potential of Enterobacter sakazakii (Cronobacter spp.nov.) In baby food. In: Bundesgesundheitsbl-Gesundheitsforsch-Gesundheitsschutz 51, 2008, pp. 664–674.