Codling moth
| Codling moth | ||||||||||||
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Codling moth ( Cydia pomonella ) at rest |
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| Scientific name | ||||||||||||
| Cydia pomonella | ||||||||||||
| ( Linnaeus , 1758) |
The codling moth ( Cydia pomonella , Syn. : Carpocapsa pomonella , Laspeyresia pomonella ) is a butterfly ( moth ) from the family of Winder (Tortricidae). The codling moth caterpillars are considered a pest in fruit growing and home gardens .
description
features
The codling moth is grayish with light gray stripes and a copper-colored spot at the end of the wings. The wingspan is 14 to 22 millimeters. When resting, the codling moth is ten millimeters long. The eggs laid are very flat, round and half-lens-shaped in height. The color is white-transparent. Their size is one millimeter. The hatched caterpillars are two millimeters long and 15 to 20 millimeters in size in the last larval stage. The larvae are whitish to yellowish with a black head and become more and more reddish over time. The formed pupa is brown and about 10 millimeters long.
Way of life
The codling moth forms two generations a year, the first mainly flies in May and June, the second in August and September. The codling moth finds optimal conditions for its flight at dusk. The codling moths are particularly active on warm, windless evenings around 20 ° C and in damp weather. The female moths lay 30 to 60 eggs on the fruits or the leaves of the fruit trees. If the temperature falls below 15 ° C, the oviposition is interrupted, because below 10 ° C the egg development is not possible. The eggs are laid on flat surfaces. Initially, until June, these are leaves and later, from July, the fruits, when they have lost their fuzz. The codling moth needs 7 to 15 days for development from egg-laying to hatching. The pests attack the fruit as L1 larvae (first larval stage ) and they feed on it for about three weeks. The larvae feed on both the pulp and the seeds. The caterpillar needs 3 to 4 weeks to develop from hatching to fully grown larvae. The larvae then leave the fruit to pupate or to hibernate as a pupate. Genetics is crucial for this. 50% pupate immediately, while the other 50% only pupate if the climatic conditions are favorable for a second generation. The circumstances are still favorable in June, while only a few pupate in mid-July. At the end of July they all pupate and go to the wintering place under the bark. Under favorable conditions, a second generation flies in August and September. In warmer climates, up to four generations per year are possible. Hibernation takes place in the cocoon , either in the bark of the trees or in the ground.
Occurrence and distribution
Originally only distributed in Europe, it can now be found worldwide. In addition to apples ( Malus spec. ), Pears ( Pyrus spec. ), Quince ( Cydonia oblonga ), apricot , peaches ( Prunus ), plums , cherries , hawthorns , sweet chestnuts ( Castanea sativa ) are particularly popular under more favorable climatic conditions (warm years ) , Real walnut ( Juglans regia ) and fig ( Ficus carica ) infested.
Plant damage
Symptoms
The hatched caterpillar eats its way through the tip of the fruit or directly into the fruit to the core. First it creates a spiral passage and then penetrates directly to the interior of the fruit. After all, it feeds on the nucleus and the seeds (kernels). When eating, the feces are excreted in the form of flour, similar to ground coffee, via the entry point and disposed of.
Countermeasures
Predictions on the occurrence of pests are carried out with pheromone traps and the hatching of the eggs is calculated using degrees. All temperature sums above 10 ° C are added together. This gives an indication of the progress of the development, because this is proportional to the temperature sum. The latter is determined automatically today with a weather station and computer.
If the infestation in the previous year was low, the codling moth can be controlled chemically in commercial fruit growing by using a larvicide such as fenoxycarb (not approved in Germany, Austria and Switzerland), tebufenozide or methoxyfenozide (not approved in Germany).
If the infestation is more severe, the confusion method is used . In biological pest control to use these as well as to the baculovirus belonging codling moth and various natural enemies such as earwigs (often found in the food aisles of Apfelwicklerlarve), bugs and parasitic wasps such. B. Elodia tragica , Trichomma enecator , Ascogaster quadridentatus and Hyssopus pallidus . The caterpillars are also a welcome food for birds. All measures that promote these beneficial insects help to regulate the pest.
In the meantime, codling moths that are resistant to codling moth granulovirus have also been discovered.
swell
Individual evidence
- ^ T. Kaltenbach and PV Küppers: Kleinschmetterlinge , Verlag J. Neudamm-Neudamm, Melsungen, 1987, ISBN 3-7888-0510-2 .
- ^ Ian Kimber: Guide to the moths of Great Britain and Ireland: Codling Moth Cydia pomonella. Retrieved January 9, 2008 .
- ↑ Codling moth (Cydia pomonella). Office of the Federal Organic Farming Program (BÖLN) at the Federal Office for Agriculture and Food, accessed on August 2, 2015 .
- ↑ Entry in the Hortipendium
- ↑ Sabine Asser-Kaiser, Pit Radtke, Said El-Salamouny, Doreen Winstanley, Johannes A. Jehle: Baculovirus resistance in codling moth (Cydia pomonella L.) caused by early block of virus replication . In: Virology . tape 410 , no. January 2 , 2011, doi : 10.1016 / j.virol.2010.11.021 .
literature
- Agroscope Changins-Wädenswil: Apple moth (fruit moth) - Cydia (= Carpocapsae) pomonella L. , in: Diseases and pests in fruit growing , Volume 4 (1), Swiss Central Agency for Fruit Growing Oeschberg, Koppigen, 1991
Web links
- www.lepiforum.de
- Markku Savela: Lepidoptera and some other life forms (English)
- Collection of the Natural History Museum Stockholm (Swedish)
- Cydia pomonella in Fauna Europaea
- Codling moth at specialist gardening advice for allotment gardeners