DAML + OIL

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DAML + OIL is an XML -based description language for ontologies standardized by the World Wide Web Consortium (W3C) , i.e. a machine-readable language for the representation of knowledge in computer science . The language is based on the W3C recommendations Resource Description Framework (RDF) and Resource Description Framework Schema (RDFS). The eponymous predecessors are the ontology language of the DARPA Agent Markup Language program (DAML), initially just DAML, later called DAML-ONT, expanded to include components of the Ontology Inference Layer (OIL) developed during the same period . The language contains many constructs from frame-based languages.

After 2001, DAML + OIL was no longer developed. The W3C started the Web Ontology Language (OWL) project, which is the direct successor.

example

DAML + OIL uses numerous elements of the RDF, RDFS and XML Schema (XSD) languages, such as the data types defined there , and integrates them in the form of XML namespaces . The following, abbreviated example shows a class “Human”, a derived class “Man”, the definition of an attribute “Age” and an instance described on the basis of these definitions .

<rdf:RDF xmlns="…">
  <daml:Class rdf:ID="Mensch">
    <rdfs:label>Mensch</rdfs:label>
  </daml:Class>

  <daml:Class rdf:ID="Mann">
    <!-- Männer gehören zur Klasse der Menschen. -->
    <rdfs:subClassOf rdf:resource="#Mensch"/>
  </daml:Class>

  <daml:DatatypeProperty rdf:ID="Alter">
    <!-- Altersangaben müssen positive ganze Zahlen sowie je Instanz einmalig sein. -->
    <rdfs:range rdf:resource="http://www.w3.org/2000/10/XMLSchema#nonNegativeInteger" />
    <rdf:type rdf:resource="http://www.daml.org/2001/03/daml+oil#UniqueProperty" />
  </daml:DatatypeProperty>

  <Mann rdf:ID="Peter">
    <Alter>46</Alter>
  </Mann>
</rdf:RDF>

Ontology Inference Layer

Ontology Inference Layer ( OIL , more rarely Ontology Interchange Language ) is an XML- and RDF-based ontology description language that has been developed since 1999 and is one of the eponymous predecessors of DAML + OIL. OIL was developed by Dieter Fensel , Frank van Harmelen ( Free University of Amsterdam ) and Ian Horrocks ( University of Manchester ) as part of a research program. The ontology editor OILed serves as a reference implementation for the use of the language .

In addition to the XML description, OIL defines a simplified pseudosyntax in which keywords are written in bold and groupings are represented by indentations . The following, abbreviated example, defines several animal species as classes that are derived from one another . Giraffes in this example eat plants, and everything that is not an animal is considered a plant. Lions eat herbivores and thus giraffes too. Although these are not explicitly declared as herbivores, they are recognizable as such, as their definitions match.

ontology-definitions

slot-def eats
inverse is-eaten-by
class-def animal
class-def plant
subclass-of NOT tier
class-def herbivores
subclass-of animal
slot constraint eats up
value-type plant
class-def giraffe
subclass-of animal
slot constraint eats up
value-type plant
class-def Loewe
subclass-of animal
slot constraint eats up
value-type herbivores

Individual evidence

  1. DAML + OIL specification (as of March 2001) at the World Wide Web Consortium
  2. DAML + OIL on the website of the DAML program
  3. Complete, explained example ( memento of the original from September 20, 2012 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. on the website of the DAML program  @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.daml.org
  4. Dieter Fensel, Frank van Harmelen, Ian Horrocks a. a .: OIL: An Ontology Infrastructure for the Semantic Web (English, PDF file, 0.2 MiB).
  5. Former website of OIL ( Memento from March 6, 2009 in the Internet Archive )
  6. Complete example on the former website of OIL ( Memento from January 3, 2009 in the Internet Archive )

literature