Defter

from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Defter ( Ottoman-Turkish , from Persian دفتر daftar , pl. دفاتر dafātir ) is a term from the Ottoman administrative language and means book, volume of files or register. The word is also used in the modern Turkish language and means something like notebook or notebook.

Derived from Defter, Defterdar , title of the highest tax officials of the Ottoman Empire, and Defterhane , designation of the office of the financial administration in the Sultan's Palace.

Defter than historical sources

The Ottoman administrative practice had already reached a high level of written form in the 15th century. The Turks based themselves on models from Persia and the Byzantine Empire . Both the central institutions at the Sultan's court and the officials in the individual provinces kept an abundance of official books and files in which the most varied of matters of importance for the state administration were recorded. In the Dafātir were z. For example, members of the military were recorded, the resource consumption of the court and the army was recorded in Masraf Defterleri , the acting judges of a sanjak were listed or subordinate officials collected the instructions of their superiors in it.

By far the most numerous form of Dafātir were detailed tax registers (tahir defterleri) . They recorded all households in a province with their mobile and immobile possessions. It is not uncommon for them to provide almost complete information about the distribution of property, the yield value of the land and the expected income. In addition, they contain information about religion (e.g. because of poll tax ) and the legal status of individual households. For example, the holders of military loans ( Tımar ) were shown separately. In addition, other fiscally relevant information was recorded in such Dafātir, broken down by Nahiye and locality, and sometimes special forms of property such as Islamic foundations or foundations of Christian monasteries were also taken into account. This type of Defter was a census and land register in one. For historical research, they are therefore important sources on the demographics, economic and social history of the Ottoman-ruled countries. Editing and evaluating them is one of the most important tasks of Ottoman studies . The registers do not document the non-taxable Askerî , nor, or only indirectly, migratory movements between individual territories.

literature

  • Klaus Kreiser: The Ottoman State . (= Oldenbourg floor plan of the story , 30). Munich 2001 ISBN 3-486-53721-0 . Pp. 104-106.
  • Ömer Lutfi Barkan: Essai sur les données statistiques des registres de recensement dans l'empire ottoman aux XV. et XVI. siecles . In: Journal of the Economic and Social History of the Orient . 1 (1958), pp. 9-36.

Editions

A representative selection was made from different epochs and parts of the Ottoman Empire.

  • Halil İnalcık: Hicrî 835 tarihli Sûret-i defter-i sancak-i Arvanid . (= Türk Tarih Kurumu yayınlarından. 14,1a). Ankara 1987 (Albania, Sanjak Vlora)
  • Selami Pulaha (Ed.): Defteri i regjistrimit te sanxhakut te Shkodres i vitit 1485 . Tirana 1974 (Albania, Sanjak Shkodra)
  • Aleksandar Stojanovski (ed.): Opširen popisen defter za paša Sancakot (Kazite Demir Chisar, Jenice Karasu, Gumulcina i Zichna) od 1569/70 godina . (= Turski dokumenti za istorijata na makedonskiot narod. 10.1). Skopje 2004 ISBN 9989-622-51-5 (Macedonia, Sanjak , Thessaloniki)
  • Dariusz Kolodziejczyk (Ed.): The Ottoman survey register of Podolia (ca.1681) . (= Studies in Ottoman documents pertaining to Ukraine and the Black Sea countries. 3). Cambridge MA 2004. ISBN 0-916458-78-4 (Ukraine, Podolia)
  • Fehim Nametak (ed.): Opširni popis Bosanskog sandžaka iz 1604. godine . (= Monumenta turcica historiam slavorum meridionalium illustrantia . Serija 2, Defteri 4). Sarajevo 2000. ISBN 9958-743-01-9 (Bosnia)
  • M. Mehdi İlhan (Ed.): Amid (Diyarbakır). 1518 detailed register . (= Publications of Turkish Historical Society. Serial 14, Vol. 10). Ankara 2000. ISBN 975-16-0889-9 (Anatolia, Sanjak Diyarbakır)
  • Anton Velics de Laszlofalva (ed.): Magyarorszagi török ​​kincstari defterek . Budapest 1886 ff. (Hungary)

Web links

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ State and Administration in the Ottoman Empire ( Memento of the original from March 12, 2009 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.tuerkenbeute.de
  2. ↑ Suraiya N. Faroqhi: Ottoman population . In: The Cambridge History of Turkey . Vol. 3. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge UK 2006, ISBN 978-0-521-62095-6 , pp. 356-403 .