Decretist

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Dekretist (from the Latin decretista < decretum = Regulation) was in the Middle Ages a name for canonical legal scholars who are scientifically and teaching at universities with the Decree of Gratian as a basic text of canon law involved. The term was coined as a parallel to the Legisten , the specialists in Roman law . Methodologically, they initially worked as glossators . After the promulgation of Liber Extra in 1234, practically all canonists worked as decretalists , since the focus is now on the further development of ecclesiastical law through individual papal decisions in decretals . As early as 1190, some of the canonical activities were concentrated on the decretals.

In addition to the glossing by the decretists, there were sums , abridged versions for use in teaching, which, however, also dealt with the material independently and in a way that deviated from the Decretum Gratiani .

Decretistics in Bologna

The Summa decretorum des Paucapalea , who taught in Bologna, became particularly important . Further works are the Summa decretorum des Rolandus and various anonymous sums: The Fragmentum Cantabrigiense , the Summa 'Sicut vetus testamentum' , the Summa Turicensis , all from the 1150s. Somewhat later, the Summa decretorum of Rufinus († before 1192), the Summa 'Conditio ecclesiastice religionis' (Pseudo-Rufinus), the Summa decretorum of Johannes Faventinus , the Summa decretorum of Simon von Bisignano , the Glossary Ordinaturus Magister , the Summa decretorum of Huguccio of Pisa († 1210), the Summa Reginensis , the gloss apparatus Ius naturale of Alanus Anglicus, the Glossa Palatina of Laurentius Hispanus and the Glossa ordinaria of Johannes Teutonicus Zemeke to the Decretum Gratiani .

Decretistics in France

In France, it was the reception of the Decretum Gratiani that led to the development of canonical school and science. Significant works are the Summa decretorum des Stephan von Tournai (Stephanus Tornacensis), a regular canon of the Canons of Saint-Euverte in Orléans trained in Bologna, the Summa 'Magister Gratianus in hoc opere' ( Summa Parisiensis ), the Summa 'Quoniam status , which was conceived as a textbook ecclesiarum ' from around 1170, the Summa' Cum in tres partes' , the Summa 'Inperatorie maiestati' ( Summa Monacensis ), the Summula decretalium questionum of Evrardus Yprensis (around 1180), the Summa 'In eadem civitate' , the Summa 'Tractaturus Magister Gratianus de iure canonico' from the 1180s, the gloss apparatus Ecce vicit leo and the gloss apparatus Animal est substantia ( Summa Bambergensis ) written in Paris (shortly after 1200).

Decretistics in Germany

Canonical science in Germany began in the second half of the 12th century in the Rhine region, in Cologne, Mainz, Worms, Speyer and Hildesheim. There the Decretum Gratiani was first received and commented on. The Cologne school is regarded as the most important and productive canonical school. During this time, many different French and English canonists were in Cologne. An influential teacher there is the Englishman Gerard Pucelle (1120 / 25–1184), who previously taught theology and both rights in Paris. The later Bishop of Coventry-Lichfield taught from 1166 to 1168 and from 1180 to 1181 in Cologne, where he was probably also the cathedral schoolmaster.

Well-known works are the Summa 'Quoniam omissis centum distinctionibus' , the Distinctiones 'Si mulier eadem hora' ( Distinctiones Monacenses ) and the Summa of Sicardus of Cremona, written in Mainz around 1180.

Decretistics in the Anglo-Norman area

At the end of the 1150s, the Gratiani Decretum came to England. It is believed that the philosopher John of Salisbury played an important role in this, as he had stayed at the papal curia in Rome several times between 1148 and 1153. Comments on the Decretum Gratiani were soon being written in Anglo-Norman schools . Well-known works are the summa 'De iure naturali.' , the Summa 'Omnis qui juste iudicat' , the Summa decretalium questionum of Honorius and the Summa 'Induent sancti' ( Summa Duacensis ).

As late as 1300, Guido de Baysio dealt in detail with the doctrines of the decretists.

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ The following works are taken from the book by Hersperger pp. 69–127. The special characteristics of the individual fonts are also shown there.
  2. ↑ Hartmut Zapp in Lexikon des Mittelalters vol. 6. 1993 col. 1810.
  3. ↑ Stephan Kuttner: “Les débuts de l'école canoniste française.” In: Studia et Documenta Historiae et iuris. Vol. 4. Rome 1938. pp. 193-204.
  4. ↑ Peter Landau: The Cologne Canonical Studies of the 12th Century. A highlight of European law. Cologne legal history lectures. Issue 1. Badenweiler 2008.
  5. ↑ Hersperger p. 112.
  6. ↑ Hersperger p. 119.

literature

  • Patrick Hersperger: Church, Magic and “Superstition”. Superstitio in canons of the 12th and 13th centuries. Research on ecclesiastical legal history and canon law. Volume 31. Böhlau Verlag Cologne 2010. ISBN 978-3-412-20397-9 .
  • Rudolf Weigand : Dekretisten, Dekretistik , in: Lexikon des Mittelalters Vol. 3. Artemis Verlag 1986. Sp. 661–664.
  • Rudolf Weigand: The natural law doctrine of the Legists and Decretists from Irnerius to Accursius and from Gratian to Johannes Teutonicus. Munich Theological Studies, III. Canonical Department 26. Munich 1967. ISBN 3880963266 .