Disobbedienti

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As disobbedienti ( "disobedient") refer to themselves in Italy predominantly younger parts of since the summer of 2001, anti-globalization movement, starting with "post-operaist" (see workerism ) concepts looking to spread in society a practice of "social disobedience". The concept of multitude developed by Antonio Negri and Michael Hardt in their book Empire serves as a theoretical reference ; Mexican Zapatista is the defining model .

Prehistory and origin

The forerunners of the Disobbedienti were the Tute Bianche ("white overalls"), which were formed in 1994 from the Ya Basta Association , which was made up of the Centri Sociali and the movement critical of globalization in Italy. The beginnings mainly began in the Centro Sociale Leoncavallo in Milan . However, some of its historical roots go back to the Autonomia Operaia of the 1970s and 1980s.

White overalls and helmets padded with foam were not only used as protective clothing during demonstrations, but also symbolically expressed a program: the traditional industrial worker in blue overalls is no longer the key figure in the social production process in post-Fordist capitalism . “Work”, according to the thesis symbolized by the “tuta bianca”, no longer has a center in the factory, but pervades the whole of society, in which all areas of life are increasingly being exploited by capital. At the same time, work is subject to growing precariousness under the conditions of neoliberalism - the socially secure skilled worker employed in one job for life as the basis of the welfare state compromise is a thing of the past, insecure, unprotected work relationships (part-time work, fixed-term contracts, bogus self-employment, undeclared work) are on the Advance. (According to statistical data, around a third of the workforce in Italy today works in such “precarious” conditions.) Therefore, the factory is no longer a privileged place of resistance against capitalism, but since capitalist exploitation covers all living conditions, the whole of society becomes its place Contradictions.

Typical actions of Tute Bianche were the walling up of the entrances of temporary employment agencies, which were attacked as a pacemaker of flexible low-wage work and the degradation of wage earners to freely exchangeable material, and the dismantling of deportation camps , where Tute Bianche removed the fences. The philosopher Sandro Mezzadra describes deportation camps as “a kind of pressure reduction chamber” for dispersing the tensions of the labor market: people are selected according to their economic usefulness; if after a maximum of 60 days no deportation has taken place, the internees have to be released again according to Italian law, after which they can exist physically but without rights on Italian soil and consequently be subjected to extreme exploitation and used as wage pusher on the labor market.

The high point of the activities of the Tute Bianche were their appearances at the large demonstrations of the anti-globalization movement against the World Trade Organization in Seattle in 1999, against the International Monetary Fund in Prague in 2000 and against the G8 summit in Genoa in 2001 . Already during and after the protests in Genoa, the Tute Bianche took off their white overalls in order to no longer appear as a kind of uniformed "army", but to merge with the "multitude" (Negri / Hardt) and in it the "social disobedience" to advance. Since then they have called themselves Disobbedienti.

Actions

In general, the Disobbedienti oppose the traditional politics of institutional representation, which they oppose with a non-hierarchical, grassroots self-organization .

Despite their distance from the traditional trade union organizations - which in turn kept their distance from the new movements before Genoa - the Disobbedienti took an active part in the major strike movements that followed with the aim of extending the strikes beyond the factory gates and into society as a whole. At the same time it was observed that their "disobedient" forms of struggle rubbed off on parts of the unionized workforce. In the social centers (Centri sociali) , which were set up with the strong participation of the Disobbedienti across Italy, the union left and the Disobbedienti mostly work well together.

During the first European Social Forum in Florence in November 2002, Disobbedienti occupied the office of the Italian Publishers' Association, deleted the commercial software on the PCs, instead installing Linux and copying CDs in order to then distribute them free of charge. This action is an example of another focus of the Disobbedienti: the fight against the commercialization of intellectual products. In addition, they symbolically occupied the entrance to Lake Garda with a road blockade.

Department stores were looted in Rome , Venice , Naples and Milan . They then distributed the stolen goods to passers-by. This action was intended to protest against the rise in the price of goods.

In 2004, thirteen members of the Disobbedienti were on trial. They were accused of “political conspiracy” and lasting damage to the Italian government's ability to work. Further charges were "subversive propaganda", as well as "the establishment of an association with 20,000 members, which has set itself the task of violently smashing the economic order of the state".

The most prominent spokesman for the Disobbedienti is Luca Casarini. The theory journal Derive Approdi is close to the Disobbedienti .

Participation in politics

Despite the generally critical attitude towards parties, parts of the Disobbedienti joined the Giovani Comunisti / e (Young Communists), the youth organization of the Rifondazione Comunista (PRC) party , which opened up unreservedly to the new movements in the wake of the events in Genoa. When the PRC tried again from 2004 to 2008 to work with the parties of the moderate left to form a coalition capable of governing, which was supposed to replace Silvio Berlusconi , tensions arose in relation to the party - especially as PRC Secretary Fausto Bertinotti , who showed himself to be open to the ideas of the Disobbedienti and called for social movements to be guided by the principle of nonviolence, which the Disobbedienti objected to. These and other questions led to differences between the more radical and the more pragmatic parts within the Disobbedienti.

Movies

  • Tute Bianche: symbol of the worldwide movement of criticism of globalization. (2002, 30 min.), Documentary by Adonella Marena, EIKON Süd GmbH
  • Disobbedienti (2002, 53 min.), Documentary by Dario Azzellini and Oliver Ressler , original version with German or English subtitles www.azzellini.net and www.ressler.at

literature

  • Dario Azzellini: Italy. Genoa. History, perspectives. Association A, Berlin 2002, ISBN 3-935936-06-0 .
  • Stephanie Weiss: body. Communication. Conflict. On the history, tactics and forms of action of the Tute Bianche and the Disobbedienti in Italy. In: floor plans. No. 25, 2008, pp. 3-14. ( Online )

Web links

See also

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ “Whoever wants to talk has to rebel” in heise.de from September 6, 2001.
  2. ↑ The "Tute Bianche" = white overalls | Dario Azzellini. Retrieved January 22, 2017 .
  3. ↑ “We have always succeeded in getting our ass home safe” ( Memento of the original from February 20, 2009 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was automatically inserted and not yet checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. in raumzeit-online.de @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.raumzeit-online.de
  4. ↑ ak 474: In the end it goes to the warehouse. In: www.akweb.de. Retrieved August 7, 2016 .
  5. ^ "The age of clandestinity" at nycyabasta.mayfirst.org
  6. ↑ Dario Azzellini: From the Tute Bianche to the disobedient. Retrieved January 23, 2017 .
  7. ^ "Myth making and catastrophes" at wumingfoundation.com
  8. ↑ “From Riva to Cancun” in heise.de from September 7, 2003.
  9. ↑ “Thirteen out of 7000 political proceedings” in heise.de of November 29, 2004.
  10. ↑ “Thirteen out of 7000 political proceedings” in heise.de of November 29, 2004.
  11. ↑ "Disobedience has been an excellent intuition." in heise.de from July 19, 2002.
  12. ↑ All in white. In: EIKON. Retrieved August 17, 2016 .