G8 summit in Genoa 2001

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Participants at the G8 summit in July 2001

The G8 summit in Genoa was a meeting of the Group of Eight in the Italian city of Genoa . The 27th G8 summit took place from 18 to 22. July 2001 instead. It was overshadowed by serious clashes between the Italian police and globalization critics, in which Carlo Giuliani was shot by a police officer and hundreds of people, including journalists and doctors, were injured. The use of torture and ill-treatment by Italian security forces attracted particular attention. The legal processing continues to this day.

Since the summit, and increasingly after the terrorist attacks on September 11, 2001 , following the summit policing, the principle has been to choose a location for the G8 / G20 summit that is as remote as possible and that can be secured. According to Tony Blair, the aim is to prevent the journalistic effect of protests from ruining the summit in the eyes of the public.

background

The Italian Prime Minister Silvio Berlusconi invited the G8 to a meeting in Genoa. The heads of state and government met in the centrally located Palazzo Ducale . Ahead of the summit, there was a meeting of finance ministers on 7 July and a two-day conference of foreign ministers , both in Rome . The main theme of the conference was strategies to fight poverty in the world. During the summit the Global Fund to fight AIDS, Tuberculosis and Malaria was established . Participants agreed on the statement that further liberalization of world trade is an important measure against poverty. Criticism was expressed of the United States , which still refused to ratify the Kyoto Protocol .

Attendees

Heads of State or Government of the G8
CanadaCanada Canada Jean Chrétien
FranceFrance France Jacques Chirac
GermanyGermany Germany Gerhard Schröder
ItalyItaly Italy Silvio Berlusconi
JapanJapan Japan Jun'ichirō Koizumi
RussiaRussia Russia Wladimir Putin
United KingdomUnited Kingdom United Kingdom Tony Blair
United StatesUnited States United States George W. Bush

Guests

Representatives of the following countries and organizations took part in the summit:

Protests

Map showing the red and yellow zones in Genoa as well as details of some demo runs
Protesters on Corso Europa, July 20, 2001
Burning car in Via Montevideo, July 20, 2001
Police attack on Corso Torino, July 20, 2001

Preparations by the authorities

Based on experiences with previous organized protests, especially at the recent EU summit in Gothenburg in June of the same year , strict measures were taken to “keep the protests peaceful”. Italy suspended the Schengen Agreement for the time of the summit and had all borders continuously monitored. In Genoa itself, 20,000 police officers and carabinieri were brought together. Mine divers, explosives experts and terrorist specialists were deployed, and anti-aircraft missiles were installed. The San Marco navy was installed near the cruise ship European Vision , on which many politicians also stayed .

One measure to ensure the safety of the summit participants was the division of the city into two zones. A red zone was cordoned off with four meter fences and containers. It encompassed the city center and the entire port area and could not be entered under any circumstances for the duration of the summit. Another, yellow zone could only be entered with ID cards specially issued by the city administration (e.g. for residents).

Roads and motorways were controlled , sometimes with the help of roadblocks ( checkpoints ); The port and train stations were closed, as was the airport, on the premises of which anti-aircraft missiles were placed. The latter measure was directed against possible terrorist attacks, against which the Italian secret service had warned several times.

In addition, devices for jamming mobile phone traffic were kept ready and all accesses to the sewer system in the vicinity of the red zone were sealed.

In this tense situation, many Genoese decided to close their shops and leave the city.

There were numerous bomb alarms in the run-up to the summit, the majority of which, however, turned out to be false reports. A letter bomb injured a carabiniere and another bomb injured the secretary of the journalist Emilio Fede .

The media and some politicians have warned of “conditions similar to civil war”. The Italian government is said to have ordered 200 body bags for the summit. In addition, poison gas attacks, rocket attacks and AIDS-contaminated blood bags by the demonstrators are to be expected.

In addition, the Berlusconi government recommended not to hang the laundry out of the window because of the unsightly picture. Despite this, residents of the city hung up their underwear. In addition, lemon and orange trees were set up by the government in the red zone and some decorated with fruit.

The Italian police cracked down on the critics of globalization in general extremely harshly, arrested a large number, injured many in some cases seriously and took many demonstrators to Bolzaneto prison (see also Bolzaneto trial ), where there was abuse.

Demonstrations and other happenings

During the summit there were many different demonstrations on various topics organized by around 700 different groups over several days. In total, well over 300,000 people were in the city to demonstrate against the summit. Many protesters camped in parks that had been converted into campsites, while the Tute Bianche camped in the Stadio Carlini in the San Martino district . There were at least 126 arrests, 500 injured and one protester shot dead during the summit. Another protester was run over by an armored car. Police arrested 600 demonstrators and took them to detention centers.

July 19

60,000 people protested on Thursday to demonstrate for migrants' rights. The demonstration consisted of anti-racist groups, trade unionists and church initiatives.

20th of July

There were various demonstrations with different concepts for Friday. Among them were a Pink & Silver Block , a Tute Bianche demonstration, but also a meeting point for NGOs (such as ATTAC ), another meeting point for the Italian base union Cobas and a demonstration by anarchists .

At noon on July 20, the situation in Genoa escalated. The train of Tute Bianche and other left-wing groups was attacked by the police with tear gas. Many of the 20,000 people trapped in a narrow street tried to flee, while many others responded to the attacks by the Carabinieri by throwing stones. Cars were set on fire on Via Montevideo and Via Tolemaide, and a Carabinieri emergency vehicle burned down on Corso Torino. During the clashes in the side streets near Piazza Alimonda, the 23-year-old Carlo Giuliani was shot in the head by the 20-year-old carabinier Mario Placanica and rolled over twice by Filippo Cavataio, who was behind the wheel of the police car.

Giuliani is said to have previously moved towards the rear window of the Carabinieri vehicle with a fire extinguisher. Of two shots fired, one bullet hit Giuliani in the head. Police later admitted firing an additional 15 shots during the clashes.

The Genoa Social Forum, which coordinated the protests, called on its website to stop the summit immediately after the death of Carlo Giuliani. The police had to withdraw, demanded the social forum. The German department of the ATTAC network announced that the planned large-scale demonstration in Genoa should begin as a funeral march on Saturday at 2 p.m. because of the death.

21 July

On Saturday, 300,000 people came to the city to demonstrate, probably also because of the death. The demonstration took hours to fully line up. Many residents of the city showed solidarity and distributed water or, in view of the great heat, splashed water on the large demonstration.

Later there were renewed clashes at the port. Cars were set on fire in Piazzale Martin Luther King and banks, car dealerships and other businesses were destroyed at the same time. There were injuries and arrests - including four journalists.

22nd of July

On Sunday night, heavily armed police officers stormed the Diaz School provided by the city of Genoa, which, in addition to Indymedia, housed a legal aid station for arrested demonstrators and a first aid station for the injured. Many demonstrators were treated for eye and mouth irritation after the immense use of tear gas. 60 injured people had to be carried out of the building. A total of 73 demonstrators were injured. 18 hours after the evacuation, the public prosecutor was informed of the facts by the police. Later the police also broke into the Pertini School opposite, where the Genoa Social Forum and Media Center were located. The Indymedia Center and Radio Gap, which was still on the air when the storm began, were located here. Subsequently, in Bolzaneto , in the barracks "Nino Bixio" of the mobile department of the state police, torture and anti-Semitic remarks against the arrested demonstrators occurred. In addition, contact with lawyers was refused. The Italian authorities imposed a news blackout.

July 23rd - July 25th

The police marked people who were taken to the Bolzaneto barracks with a red or green felt-tip pen. The prisoners were tortured in the building. The 228 people in custody initially still had no contact with lawyers or family members. Embassy staff were also refused contact. The arrested were mistreated and beaten by the police. After 72 hours, the detainees were given the first date for an examination and were able to contact lawyers. 60 Germans were deported on July 25, all those affected were banned from entering Italy for 5 years. Carlo Giuliani was buried on the same day. In Italy there were major demonstrations in Rome , Bologna , Naples , Genoa, Florence and Palermo . Some of the prisoners were sent to prisons in Alessandria , Pavia , Vercelli and Voghera .

Work-up

In the days following the summit, there were expressions of solidarity in numerous cities and countries around the world. The German MPs Annelie Buntenbach and Hans-Christian Ströbele visited the detainees in Italy to talk to them. Ströbele compared the events in Genoa with those in former South American military dictatorships.

The interior minister at the time, Claudio Scajola , publicly stated that the police had “done their job with dignity”. The then Vice-Minister Gianfranco Fini said that the demonstrators got "what they deserved".

The death of Carlo Giuliani is seen as murder in parts of the movements critical of globalization . The police officer, who was only 20 years old, pleaded self-defense and was acquitted in a controversial process. To this day, many questions about the exact course of events remain open. The projectile with which Giuliani was shot was never found or examined. However, prosecutors claim that the fatal bullet ricocheted off a flying stone in the air and hit Giuliani. Even after evaluating the extensive image material, doubts remain about the official representation. The lawsuit brought by the parents and a sister of Giuliani before the European Court of Human Rights was dismissed on August 25, 2009.

The suspicion was repeatedly expressed that the police had smuggled officers in disguise into the Black Block as provocateurs . Various eyewitnesses claim that the police cracked down on peaceful demonstrators with great severity, but were conspicuously reticent towards the Black Block.

Amnesty International strongly condemned the events surrounding the G8 summit in Genoa . The international organization spoke of "massive violations of human rights ". Amnesty also spoke of the "greatest suspension of democratic rights in a western country after the end of World War II".

The events in the police barracks and the legal proceedings prompted the British newspaper The Guardian to state: “Genoa tells us that when the state feels threatened, the rule of law can be suspended. Anywhere. "(" Genoa tells us that if the state feels threatened, the rule of law can be overridden - anywhere. ")

In 2015 the media published pictures showing the later Greek Prime Minister Alexis Tsipras taking part in the demonstration.

In July 2017, the Italian police chief Franco Gabrielli told La Republicca newspaper: "I say clearly that there was torture". In April of the same year, Italy announced that it would pay compensation to 16 victims of police violence.

Legal proceedings

In September 2001 there were around 100 raids across Italy, in which at least 60 people were arrested. In 2002, six members of the Hi-tech hate group were arrested for hacking corporate websites, including the G8 website, during the G8 summit. In the same year there were further house searches and arrests, which had been preceded by an investigation for 18 months. Investigations were initiated against 42 suspects, 13 of whom were charged under anti-terrorism paragraphs in the so-called “Cosenza proceedings”. They were accused of having organized a "political conspiracy" with 20,000 members. The investigations were directed primarily against the Disobbedienti of the time .

Three trials have been opened in connection with the protests against the G8 summit in Genoa. In the process of the incidents in Bolzaneto prison , 45 mostly high-ranking senior police officers were charged with false certification , assault and torture of demonstrators. On July 14, 2008, 15 of them were sentenced to between five months and five years in prison for brutal crackdown on demonstrators, while 30 were acquitted. Antonio Biagio Gugliotta, the officer in charge of security in the prison, received the maximum sentence. The main trial of police violence in the Diaz School , where many opponents of globalization stayed, threatened to be discontinued due to special statute of limitations in Italian law, as in Italy, unlike other European legal systems, the statute of limitations is not suspended by a procedure. 73 demonstrators were injured in the camp on the school grounds alone. The former head of the Roman riot police, Vincenzo Canterini, said after his conviction that civilian officials in particular had committed the acts of violence.

After the public prosecutor's office became aware of criminal demands against 25 demonstrators, between 30,000 and 50,000 people gathered in Genoa on November 17, 2007 to protest against the demands of the Procura di Genova . The displeasure was caused on the one hand by the unexpectedly high punishment demand (a total of 225 years imprisonment for the defendants) as well as the irregularities in the trials against the security organs and the parliamentary commission of inquiry, which was still outstanding six years after the incidents. Contrary to the fears of the bourgeois press, the demonstration took place peacefully and without significant incidents. A total of 39 demonstrators were charged with “devastation and looting”.

On Thursday, July 17, 2008, the Genoa public prosecutor applied for between three months and five years in prison against 28 police officers - a total of almost 110 years. An acquittal was requested for another accused police officer. According to the Italian news agency ANSA , the policeman, who is said to have deposited two Molotov cocktails in one of the protesters' overnight camps , with which the officials later tried to prove a provocation by the critics of globalization, should receive a five-year prison sentence .

On November 14, 2008, 13 police officers were sentenced again to prison terms of up to four years. At the end of the three-year trial, a court in Genoa found the allegations of abuse of office and assault as proven. The convicted police officers also have to pay damages to the victims. The judges acquitted 16 other defendants, among them the three chief officers of the law enforcement officers. The trial concerned the raid on the Diaz school. Many of the critics of globalization housed there, from Italy and abroad, stated that they were attacked by the officials while they were sleeping and beaten with extreme brutality. At least one of the convicted officers confirmed that defenseless people had been beaten. The verdict sparked violent reactions and protests in the court among the persons concerned; reporter Mark Covell, who was in a coma after the police attack, said there was no democracy in Italy. Covell, who had eight broken ribs, broken teeth and a ruptured lung after being beaten outside of school after the robbery , won a lawsuit in 2012 (after eleven years) and received € 350,000 in compensation. In connection with the attack, Covell spoke of an attempt to kill.

On March 5, 2010, an appeals court found the 44 police officers and prison officials charged with guilt. A large part of the charges had already expired, so that only 7 defendants were given prison sentences. All defendants have to pay compensation to the 250 victims. The court found that these were not individual cases, but systematic measures. In another trial, 25 of the 27 accused, including the police commanders, were sentenced to between three and five years in prison. In the same year, the Italian judiciary dropped the case against the members of the Volxtheaterkarawane imprisoned after the summit . In 2010, the appeal process against 20 members of the southern Italian network Sud Ribelle , who were faced with charges of engaging in a “political conspiracy against the state” in Genoa, also ended. The defendants were acquitted.

On March 27, 2011, the European Court of Human Rights (ECHR) ruled that the fatal shots by the Carabiniere at Carlo Giuliani did not violate human rights. The Strasbourg judges denied a violation of the right to life. The Grand Chamber's verdict was 13 to four votes. The police officer believed his life and that of his colleagues were at risk in view of the armed attacks by the demonstrators. It is irrelevant whether the bullet was actually deflected by a stone, as forensic experts said, or whether the weapon was aimed directly at Guiliani's head.

In mid-2012, 16 top Italian police officers were convicted by the Court of Cassation in Rome for storming the Diaz School. The court imposed prison sentences ranging from three years to eight months and five years, plus the loss of all public offices for five years. The convicts, however, do not have to serve their sentences due to reduced sentences for crimes committed before 2006 in recent years. However, everyone must resign from the police force. Carlo Giuliani's father said the verdict shows that there is “still a touch of justice” in Italy.

In 2012, the Court of Cassation in Rome imposed heavy sentences on five demonstrators charged with, among other things, the riots on Via Tolemaide. One defendant was imprisoned for 14 years, three others received sentences of between ten and twelve and a half years for “participating in the rioting”, and one woman received six and a half years.

In 2013, the President of Amnesty International Italy, Christine Weise, complained that many things were fizzling out in Italy. Although Italy ratified the Convention against Torture 25 years ago, torture is still not a criminal offense in the criminal code. Many of those responsible for the police and law enforcement officers during the G8 summit were either not convicted or even acquitted.

In 2015, the European Court of Human Rights convicted Italy of torture and awarded a man 45,000 euros in compensation for pain and suffering. The then 62-year-old Arnaldo Cestaro was beaten and kicked by the police during the storming of the Diaz school. The man still suffers from the broken bones that resulted. The Court also referred to the judgment of the Italian Supreme Court. This had described the police operation as a punitive action, humiliation and infliction of psychological suffering.

Impact and commemoration

On the first anniversary rallies were held in Italy. From 13th to 21st On July there were public debates, congresses, actions, street theater, concerts and demonstrations in Genoa. On the anniversary of Carlo Giuliani's death a year later, 150,000 people demonstrated on the streets of Genoa.

During and after the events in Genoa in 2001, the Tute Bianche took off their white overalls and became the Disobbedienti after the summit . While the European Social Forum was still taking place in Florence in 2002 , the large left movement in Italy disintegrated in the coming years into small groups limited to territorial protests. Only the Partito della Rifondazione Comunista was able to unite a smaller part of the movement critical of globalization. Over the next three years, around 7,000 political proceedings were initiated by the Italian public prosecutor's office against activists from various social movements.

Carlos Giuliani's mother, Haidi Giuliani , has appeared several times as a guest speaker at discussion events in Berlin, London, Madrid, Paris and Athens since her son's death. She is involved in a memorial association for her son and in a network for the victims of state violence. In 2006 she moved into the Italian Senate for the Rifondazione Comunista / Sinistra Europea.

10 years later, 30,000 people took part in a demonstration in Genoa in memory of the G8 summit on July 23, 2011. Strong security precautions were taken out of fear of violent riots, and the protest march was led by Giuliani's parents, among others.

Movie

  • The film OP Genoa 2001 - Public Security and Order (2007) is the documentation of this processing. The film is an extension of the film Right to Self-Defense from 2005
  • In 2011 the director Carlo Augusto Bachschmidt presented the documentary film Black Block , which deals with the events in Genoa, at the Venice International Film Festival in the Controcampo Italiano festival section
  • Diaz - Don't Clean Up This Blood is the title of a film by Daniele Vicari, based on the events, which describes, among other things, the situation in the Diaz school. The film was presented at the Berlinale in February 2012 and released in April 2012.

literature

  • The then spokesman for the Social Forum and politician Vittorio Agnoletto published the book L'eclisse della democrazia ( The solar eclipse of democracy ) in 2011 with the journalist Lorenzo Guadagnucci . The book is a detailed analysis of the protests and the police repression.
  • Book and documentation: Willi Baer, ​​Karl-Heinz Dellwo (eds.): The bloody days of Genoa - G8 summit, resistance and repression (Library of Resistance, Volume 17), Hamburg, Laika Verlag 2011, ISBN 978-3-942281 -87-4

Web links

Commons : G8 Summit in Genoa 2001  - Collection of images, videos and audio files

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ Tony Blair: My Way. Bertelsmann, Munich 2010, ISBN 978-3-570-10071-4 , here p. 604
  2. ↑ Si chiude l'anno di Presidenza italiana del G8 ( Memento of 14 April 2007 at the Internet Archive )
  3. ↑ G8: What has it achieved?
  4. ↑ Si chiude l'anno di Presidenza italiana del G8 ( Memento of 4 October 2008 at the Internet Archive )
  5. ↑ Si chiude l'anno di Presidenza italiana del G8 ( Memento of 4 October 2008 at the Internet Archive )
  6. ↑ Summit of Violence focus.de July 23, 2001
  7. ↑ a b Michael Braun: G8 in Genoa: summit of excesses of violence . Online at spiegel.de from July 6, 2007.
  8. ↑ Bomb alert article at Repubblica.it
  9. ↑ Letter bomb injures Carabiniere - Article at Repubblica.it
  10. ↑ Letter bomb against TG4 - article at Repubblica.it
  11. ↑ Cf. Dario Azzelini: Genua - Italy, stories, perspectives; P. 9
  12. ↑ Judgment on police violence: Italy's torture leaders get away
  13. ^ Stern, G8 judgments , accessed October 30, 2010
  14. ↑ See V-Men in the Black Block
  15. ↑ Cf. Dario Azzelini: Genua - Italy, stories, perspectives; P. 9
  16. ↑ A lot of blood, hardly any results: The three "days of war" in Genoa BZ, from July 23, 2001
  17. ^ G-8 summit in Genoa - the deadly violence Berliner Kurier, on July 21, 2001
  18. ↑ 14 years after Genoa jungewelt.de, from April 9, 2015
  19. ↑ Cf. Dario Azzelini: Genua - Italy, stories, perspectives; P. 9
  20. ↑ Fiedler; Apostolova (2013): European Citizenship and the Place of Migrants' Struggles in a New Radical Europe: a talk with Sandro Mezzadra criticatac.ro of July 3, 2013.
  21. ↑ Cf. Dario Azzelini: Genua - Italy, stories, perspectives; P. 11
  22. ↑ See ten years in court at jungle-world.com on July 14, 2011
  23. ↑ Picture of the events in the Piazza Alimonda ( Memento of August 8, 2014 in the Internet Archive )
  24. ↑ Taz: "It was vengeance"
  25. ↑ Kurier: "A day like at war" ( Memento of February 18, 2008 in the Internet Archive )
  26. ↑ Die Welt: A fatal encounter between two idealists
  27. ^ NTV: Fatal shots at G8 in Genoa
  28. ↑ Cf. Dario Azzelini: Genua - Italy, stories, perspectives; P. 12
  29. ↑ See reports from various media ( Memento from July 29, 2010 in the Internet Archive )
  30. ↑ Cf. Dario Azzelini: Genua - Italy, stories, perspectives; P. 14
  31. ^ Another serious riot in Genoa , faz.net of July 21, 2011
  32. ↑ At least 160 people injured in riots in Genoa , rp-online.de of July 21, 2011
  33. ^ Orgy of violence against demonstrators , August 2, 2012
  34. ^ The bloody battle of Genoa , guardian.co.uk, July 17, 2008
  35. ↑ See Heise.de: Attack on uncomfortable journalists in Genoa
  36. ^ Detention for brutal G8 police officers , focus.de, June 15, 2008
  37. ↑ Cf. Dario Azzelini: Genua - Italy, stories, perspectives; P. 15
  38. ↑ Cf. Dario Azzelini: Genua - Italy, stories, perspectives; P. 16
  39. ↑ fm4v2.ORF.at / Genoa after the G-8 summit. In: fm4v2.orf.at. Retrieved August 17, 2016 .
  40. ↑ The horror of Genoa , tagesspiegel.de of March 27, 2008
  41. ^ The bloody battle of Genoa , theguardian.com, July 17, 2008
  42. ↑ Justice for Genoa Victims , taz.de, March 8, 2010
  43. ^ Penalties without consequences , taz.de of July 20, 2011
  44. ↑ ak 456: What happened in Genoa? In: www.akweb.de. Retrieved August 17, 2016 .
  45. ↑ The horror of Genoa. In: www.tagesspiegel.de. Retrieved August 17, 2016 .
  46. ↑ ak 456: What happened in Genoa? In: www.akweb.de. Retrieved August 17, 2016 .
  47. ↑ Italy: Demonstrations against police violence in Genoa . In: Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung . July 25, 2001, ISSN  0174-4909 ( faz.net [accessed August 17, 2016]).
  48. ↑ The horror of Genoa. In: www.tagesspiegel.de. Retrieved August 17, 2016 .
  49. ↑ See reports from various media ( Memento from July 29, 2010 in the Internet Archive )
  50. ↑ Genoa: investigations against gunmen
  51. ^ Riots left the stamp of violence on the G8 summit
  52. ↑ Torture in Genoa
  53. ^ Report on the Genoa journey by Hans-Christian Ströbele and Annelie Buntenbach. In: Hans-Christian Ströbele (Member of the Bundestag Bündnis90 / Die Grünen). Retrieved August 17, 2016 .
  54. ↑ No penalty for those responsible fr-online.de from November 24, 2008
  55. ↑ 14 years after Genoa jungewelt.de of April 9, 2015
  56. ↑ Cf. Der Standard: Court of Human Rights exonerates policeman for death at G-8 in Genoa
  57. ^ Carlo Giuliani: ECHR acquits Italy
  58. ↑ Memory of Genoa on the Deutschlandfunk website
  59. ↑ a b Italian Enlightenment on the pages of the Tagesspiegel
  60. ↑ Amnesty: Police violated human rights in Genoa
  61. ↑ Stunned after acquittal
  62. ^ Guardian.co.uk: The bloody battle of Genoa. Retrieved July 31, 2008
  63. ↑ FOCUS Online: Protestors in the Che Guevara shirt: Here Tsipras gets beats from the police - video. Retrieved July 30, 2016 .
  64. ↑ Police in Italy confirm torture at G8 summit 2001 (new Germany) . ( neue-deutschland.de [accessed on July 22, 2017]).
  65. ↑ ak 456: What happened in Genoa? In: www.akweb.de. Retrieved August 17, 2016 .
  66. ↑ Italian hacker group arrested on January 16, 2002
  67. ↑ Genoa was a beginning - iz3w - Third World Information Center. In: www.iz3w.org. Retrieved August 7, 2016 .
  68. ^ Taz.de: Negotiating until the statute of limitations of the act, October 13, 2005
  69. ↑ Reuters: prison sentences for police officers for violence at the G8 summit in Genoa, 15. July 2008
  70. ↑ de.indymedia.org: G8 Genoa: Low sentences against police. Accessed July 15, 2008
  71. ^ Taz.de: Convicted police officers satisfied. Accessed July 15, 2008
  72. ↑ stern.de: G8 judgments in Genoa - "Suspension of the constitutional state". Accessed on July 31
  73. ↑ Michael Braun: Police officer on G8 summit in Genoa: orgy of violence against demonstrators . In: the daily newspaper . February 8, 2012 ( taz.de [accessed July 30, 2016]).
  74. ↑ Online edition of La Repubblica
  75. ^ Il Manifesto - November 18, 2007 edition
  76. ↑ focus.de: Prison sentences for police violence required at the G-8 summit in Genoa. Accessed July 31, 2008
  77. ↑ 'I still have nightmares'
  78. ↑ Senior police officers acquitted
  79. ↑ Tom Kington, John Hooper: Briton beaten by Genoa police wins € 350,000 compensation . In: The Guardian . September 21, 2012, ISSN  0261-3077 ( theguardian.com [accessed August 17, 2016]).
  80. ^ Italy's future after Genoa 2001, an interview with Mark Covell - Il manifesto global. (No longer available online.) November 20, 2015, archived from the original on August 17, 2016 ; Retrieved August 17, 2016 (UK English). Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / ilmanifesto.global
  81. ↑ Justice for Genoa Victims
  82. ↑ Police officers have to go to jail
  83. ↑ Italy does not accuse VolxTheater Karawane
  84. ↑ Italy's left is completely haphazard
  85. ^ Strasbourg judges free Italy cf. Southgerman newspaper
  86. ^ Prison sentences for Italian police officers
  87. ^ Prison sentences for Italian police officers
  88. ↑ Jungle-World: The Revenge for Genoa
  89. ↑ Taz: Judgment against Genoa demonstrators: Incredible sentences. Accessed December 28, 2012
  90. ↑ Tagesschau: Amnesty International denounces the situation in Italy: A lack of human rights in the heart of Europe ( Memento from January 27, 2013 in the Internet Archive ). Retrieved January 24, 2013
  91. ^ SPIEGEL ONLINE, Hamburg Germany: Judgment on police violence: Italy's torture leaders get away. In: SPIEGEL ONLINE. Retrieved July 30, 2016 .
  92. ↑ Tagesschau: Police violence condemned as "torture" ( memento from April 9, 2015 in the Internet Archive ). Retrieved on April 8, 2015
  93. ^ Taz: Europe Court Sentences Italy.Retrieved April 7, 2015
  94. ↑ Cf. Dario Azzelini: Genua - Italy, stories, perspectives; P. 30
  95. ↑ The Enemy of My Enemy jungle-world.com of March 7, 2013
  96. ↑ “Thirteen out of 7000 political proceedings” in heise.de of November 29, 2004
  97. ^ FR-online: Italy's mother courage.Retrieved September 9, 2011
  98. ↑ Interview with Haidi Giuliani indymedia.org from August 7, 2007.
  99. ↑ 30,000 people commemorate violence at the G8 summit in Genoa
  100. ↑ taz.de: Deutscher Fernsehpreis spiegel.de from October 6, 2002
  101. ↑ imdb: Diaz - Don't clean up this blood
  102. ^ "Diaz" - a relentless film about Genoa 2001 ( Memento from April 14, 2012 in the Internet Archive ), Tagesschau from April 12, 2012
  103. ^ Taz: Ten years after G8 protests in Genoa: They wanted to finish us off. Accessed August 7, 2011