Empirio criticism
Empirio-criticism is an epistemological approach that rejects conclusions beyond the horizon of experience into reality as metaphysical (understood here as "supernatural"). Experiences (sensory perceptions, measured values, experiences, perceptions, findings) are considered to be the sole objects from which science should deal. Based on considerations about the nature of sensations, which was not thought of as information, but physically and psychologically constituted, a concept of the "unity of I and world" (being and consciousness) resulted, which is why the investigation of facts of experience and their relationships to a " natural worldview ”should lead as a result of knowledge. This way of thinking , which radicalizes empiricism , is also referred to as " subjectivist positivism ".
Richard Avenarius is considered to be the founder of this direction . Both his writings Philosophy as Thinking of the World According to the Principle of the Smallest Measure of Force (1877) and Critique of Pure Experience (1890), as well as Ernst Mach's The Analysis of Sensations (1886) found widespread use around 1900, especially among natural scientists, but also among writers and poets. Other representatives were Gomperz , zug , Petzoldt , Bogdanow , Basarow and Carstanjen . Wilhelm Wundt was also in the positive, critical dialogue .
After empiriocriticism also among Marxists , z. B. Anatoly Lunacharsky , who found followers, criticized Lenin very fiercely with the pamphlet Materialism and Empirio-Criticism (1908) and accused it of, among other things, a relapse into early idealism up to Berkeley . Further criticism came from Husserl and Hönigswald , among others .
Web links
Remarks
- ↑ http://www.uni-leipzig.de/~psycho/wundt/opera/mach/empfndng/AlysEmIn.htm
- ↑ WI Lenin: Materialism and Empirio-Criticism : Critical Remarks on a Reactionary Philosophy . 19th edition, Dietz-Verlag, Berlin 1989