Ewenen
The Evens (Lamutes, Even, Tungus ) are an indigenous people Northeast Asia .
General information
In Russia the approx. 12,000 (1987) Evens are registered as the "small people of the north". They belong to the Manchu-Tungus peoples and live mainly in the Sakha Republic , Magadan Oblast , the Khabarovsk region , in the Chukchi Autonomous Okrug and in the Koryak Autonomous Okrug . In the Sakha Republic, their rights are protected by special laws. There is also a National District (Nazionalny Rajon) there.
languages
The majority of the Evens hardly speak the Evene language anymore , but rather, especially in settlements and cities, Russian , but above all Yakut . Although there has been a written language since 1932 and a modest literature in Ewenish emerged, Ewenish threatens to die out.
economy
The Ewens are traditional nomadic reindeer herders and hunters. In contrast to the very large herds of reindeer in the West Siberian tundra, the herds of the evens of the boreal coniferous forests are much smaller. In the Soviet period they were settled and eventually organized into sovkhozs (state estates). Some of them were able to pursue their traditional occupations there. The industrialization in parts of their area (in particular mining, partly timber industry) formed a significant turning point since the 1930s, which was accompanied by the establishment of penal camps in the Gulag system .
After the collapse of the Soviet Union, around a third of the nation's people continued to live a nomadic way of life, which offered a subsistence basis. In 2018, the doctoral student of anthropology Nicolas Bureau formulated it as a problem that the Ewenen would define themselves too much through reindeer herding.
religion
The Evens were Christianized in the 19th century by the Russian Orthodox Church . Influences of shamanism are significant to this day and have been integrated into a syncretistic worldview .
politics
In Russia, the Evens are assigned to the group of indigenous peoples of the Russian north, Siberia and the Russian Far East , which are organized in the umbrella organization RAIPON .
literature
- Katharina Gernet: Evenen - hunters, reindeer herders, fishermen. On the history of a north-east Siberian people in the Russian Empire. Wiesbaden 2007, ISBN 978-3-447-05610-6 .
Web links
- kamchatka.org.ru entry Evens
- 3sat.de Russia's Heroes of the Cold - Journey to the End of the World (Documentation by Britta Hilpert, 2008)
- The Ewenen report of the radio station "Voice of Russia"
Individual evidence
- ↑ Frauke Kraas-Schneider: Population groups and minorities. Franz Steiner Verlag, Wiesbaden 1989. ISBN 3-515-05431-6 .
- ↑ a b series: «My last questions»: Nomad boy Christofor Djatschkov , 10vor10 , 11 June 2018.
- ↑ Manfred Quiring : UN aid project for reindeer herders. In: Berliner Zeitung. November 26, 1997 ( berliner-zeitung.de ).