Spruce tit
| Spruce tit | ||||||||||||
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Spruce tit ( Periparus rufonuchalis ) |
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| Scientific name | ||||||||||||
| Periparus rufonuchalis | ||||||||||||
| ( Blyth , 1849) |
The spruce tit ( Periparus rufonuchalis , syn .: Parus rufonuchalis ) is an Asian songbird from the tit family (Paridae). It was previously combined with the red-breasted tit ( Periparus rubidiventris ) to form a species and was placed in the genus Parus .
Appearance
With a body length of approx. 13 cm, a weight of 11.4 to 14.7 g and a wingspan of approx. 20 cm, the spruce tit is slightly larger than the coal tit. It has dark plumage and a short, pointed feather bonnet . The diamond-shaped patch on the cheek is dirty white, the white patch on the neck at the lower edge is often cinnamon-colored yellow-brown. The front of the head, the upper part of the head, the sides of the neck and the throat are black and the rest of the upper side including the rump and the upper tail-coverts are olive gray. The black bib extends wide to the upper abdomen, the rest of the underside is medium gray with a small cinnamon-colored flank spot and cinnamon-colored under tail covers. The tail is dark gray, the tail feathers lined with a fine blue-gray. The feathers of the alula are dark gray, hand wings, arm wings, umbrella feathers and wing covers are also lined with dark gray and blue-gray.
Both sexes are colored the same. In the females, the bib is a little less extensive and duller in color, the top of the head less shiny. Juvenile animals are more dull in color, their breasts are paler and less contrasting to the rest of the underside.
The iris is brown, the beak black. Legs and feet are lead-colored to blackish.
Occurrence and habitat
The tit inhabits arid coniferous forests in parts of India , the People's Republic of China , Pakistan , Turkestan , Kyrgyzstan, and Afghanistan . Due to its numerous occurrences, especially in Nepal, it is classified by the IUCN (International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources) as Least Concern (LC).
Way of life
The diet mostly consists of small invertebrates , seeds and berries. Nestlings are fed exclusively with insects and larvae . The nest is built on the ground in a hole or in a crevice, on steep slopes or stone walls, under large stones or on the roots of large trees, sometimes in crevices or cavities in tree stumps up to a meter in height. Usually it is a pad of moss that is lined with feathers, hair and wool. The nest is built by both parents; the male also expands the nest after the egg has been laid. The clutch consists of 4 to 6 eggs, the incubation period and nestling time are not known. The young are fed by both parents.
Taxonomy
Until recently, Periparus was combined with the genus Parus in the broader sense ( “ sensu lato ” ), which at that time was still quite species-rich : Many authors continue to regard the species as belonging to Parus . Occasionally the spruce tit is seen as con-specific with the red-breasted tit, but both are only locally syntopic . The species is considered to be monotypical , the differences for a separation into the subspecies Periparus rufonuchalis blanchardi and Periparus rufonuchalis parvirostris are too inconsistent.
Etymology and history of research
The spruce tit was first described in 1849 by Edward Blyth under the scientific name Parus rufonuchalis . The type specimen was collected by Captain Thomas Hutton at Simla . It was not until 1884 that Edmond de Selys-Longchamps introduced the generic name Periparus for the spruce tit, the red-breasted tit ( Periparus rubidiventris ( Blyth , 1847)) and the coal tit ( Periparus ater ( Linnaeus , 1758)). The name is derived from the Greek word »peri περι « for »approximately, very« and the Latin »parus« for »titmouse«. The species name »rufonuchalis« comes from Latin and is made up of the words »rufus« for »reddish, red« and »nuchalis, nuchus« for »neck«.
literature
- Edward Blyth: A Supplemental Note to the Catalog of the Birds in the Asiatic Society's Museum . In: The journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal . tape 18 , no. 2 , 1849, p. 800-821 ( online ).
- Edmond de Selys-Longchamps: Considérations sur le genre Mésange (Parus) . In: Bulletin de la Société zoologique de France . tape 9 , 1884, p. 32-78 ( online ).
- James A. Jobling: Helm Dictionary of Scientific Bird Names . Christopher Helm, London 2010, ISBN 978-1-4081-2501-4 .
Web links
- Periparus rufonuchalis inthe IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2018.1. Listed by: BirdLife International, 2016. Retrieved July 14, 2018.
Individual evidence
- ↑ a b c A. Gosler, P. Clement: Rufous-naped Tit (Periparus rufonuchalis). In: del Hoyo, J., Elliott, A., Sargatal, J., Christie, DA & de Juana, E. (eds.). Handbook of the Birds of the World Alive. Lynx Edicions, Barcelona 2018 ( online )
- ↑ a b c d Simon Harrap: Tits, Nuthatches and Treecreepers. Christopher Helm, 2010, pp. 294-296.
- ↑ Videos, photos and sound recordings on Black-breasted Tit (Periparus rufonuchalis) in the Internet Bird Collection
- ↑ IOC World bird list Waxwings and their allies, tits & penduline tits
- ^ Edward Blyth, p. 810.
- ↑ Edmond de Selys-Longchamps, pp. 59-60.
- ↑ James A. Jobling, p. 298.
- ↑ James A. Jobling, p. 342.