Lichen mapping

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The lichens mapping is a bioindikatives method for determining air pollution . The diversity of epiphytic lichens is mapped. With the help of lichen mapping, the effects of air pollution are recorded integrally. Local climate changes can also be determined in this way.

background

In contrast to chemical-physical measurement data, the results obtained through biomonitoring show the interactions of various individual components. Organisms that are ubiquitous in the study area are preferred as bioindicators. The lichens that meet these requirements are extremely sensitive to air pollution, as their absorption of substances and thus the absorption of pollutants takes place almost exclusively through the air and precipitation. In contrast to higher plants, they do not have a protective layer , so that air pollutants can penetrate the lichen largely unhindered. Lichen lacks the ability to regenerate quickly. Since they do not have the ability to actively excrete pollutants, an accumulation takes place in them . Lichen can also absorb pollutants in the winter months because they are metabolically active even at low temperatures . Since they can react comparatively quickly to a change in air quality, lichens are able to repopulate urban and industrial areas.

Parmelia sulcata on a log

For the method of lichen exposure, epiphytic lichens on tree bark are taken into account. For this purpose, a specified area is examined on tree trunks. The logs are always examined in the same way so that the results obtained can be compared with one another. The trees are located on partial areas of the area to be examined, the so-called measuring areas. If a certain spread of pollutants is expected based on an existing source, the measuring surfaces must be arranged in such a way that it corresponds to the expected spread of pollutants. The size of the measuring areas is usually between 0.25 km × 0.25 km and 4 km × 4 km. The number of trees per measuring area is between 3 and 16. The trees should be free-standing and have a certain trunk diameter. The use of a single tree species is recommended as results from very different tree species cannot be compared.

The lichen is picked up with grid strips that should be attached in all four directions. The lichens are recorded quantitatively with the aid of the grid strip. Lichen that is on the red list must not be removed.

In the evaluation, both the number of species and the individual species are taken into account. The result of the lichen mapping is a statement about air quality and the influence of eutrophic compounds. During the evaluation, it must be ensured that the humidity can influence the species diversity of epiphytic lichens and thus lead to a falsification of the measurement result.

The absence of lichen species in certain locations does not allow the conclusion that there is poor air quality in these locations. Species richness and stable living conditions for lichens in a biotope are seen as favorable conditions for the survival of many species.

Lichen death due to air pollution has been known since the 19th century. The first lichen mapping took place around 1970. Lichen mapping was standardized in 1995 with the VDI 3799 Part 1 guideline . This VDI guideline has now been replaced by guideline VDI 3957 Part 13. The replacement had become necessary because due to the changing air quality and the increased occurrence of lichens, which indicate eutrophic conditions, a new weighting of the individual lichen species had to take place.

If the lichen exposure method is used in areas where Hypogymnia physodes occurs naturally, lichen mapping must also be used.

Display of local climate changes

The method of lichen mapping is now also used to determine the effects of local climate changes . Changes in the lichen population that are attributed to a changed climate have been observed since around 1990, particularly in the temperate zones .

In lichen mapping to determine the effect of local climate changes, study areas with epiphytic lichens, which are considered to be climate change indicators, are systematically examined at intervals of one to ten years.

literature

  • VDI 3957 Blatt 13: 2005-09 Biological measurement methods for determining and assessing the effect of air pollution with lichens (bioindication); Mapping of the diversity of epiphytic lichens as an indicator of air quality (Biological measurement procedures for determining and evaluating the effects of ambient air pollutants by means of lichens (bioindication); Mapping the diversity of epiphytic lichens as an indicator of air quality). Beuth Verlag, Berlin. ( Summary and table of contents online )

Individual evidence

  1. ^ A b Willfried Nobel, Heike Beismann, Jürgen Franzaring, Reinhard Kostka-Rick, Gerhard Wagner, Walter Erhardt: Standardized biological measurement methods for determining and evaluating the effects of air pollution on plants (bioindication) in Germany. In: Hazardous substances - cleanliness. Air . 65, No. 11/12, 2005, ISSN  0949-8036 , pp. 478-484.
  2. ↑ VDI 3957 sheet 1: 2014-09 Biological measurement methods for determining and assessing the effects of air pollution on plants (biomonitoring); Basics and objectives (Biological measuring techniques for the determination and evaluation of effects of air pollutants on plants (biomonitoring); Fundamentals and aims). Beuth Verlag, Berlin, p. 3.
  3. ↑ VDI 3957 sheet 13: 2005-09 Biological measurement methods for determining and assessing the effect of air pollution with lichens (bioindication); Mapping of the diversity of epiphytic lichens as an indicator of air quality (Biological measurement procedures for determining and evaluating the effects of ambient air pollutants by means of lichens (bioindication); Mapping the diversity of epiphytic lichens as an indicator of air quality). Beuth Verlag, Berlin, p. 4.
  4. ↑ a b c VDI 3799 sheet 1: 1995-01 Measurement of immission effects ; Determination and assessment of phytotoxic effects of immissions with lichens; Lichen mapping to determine the air quality value (LGW) (Measurement of immission effects; Measurement and evaluation of phytotoxic effects of ambient air pollutants (immissions) with lichens; Mapping of lichens for assessment of the air quality). Beuth Verlag, Berlin, p. 2.
  5. ↑ VDI 3957 sheet 13: 2005-09 Biological measurement methods for determining and assessing the effect of air pollution with lichens (bioindication); Mapping of the diversity of epiphytic lichens as an indicator of air quality (Biological measurement procedures for determining and evaluating the effects of ambient air pollutants by means of lichens (bioindication); Mapping the diversity of epiphytic lichens as an indicator of air quality). Beuth Verlag, Berlin, p. 14.
  6. ↑ Ute Windisch, Artem Pungin, Thomas Meckel: Effects of traffic loads on the lichen diversity and the nitrogen and chlorophyll content of Parmelia sulcata in Hesse. In: Hazardous substances - cleanliness. Air. 76, No. 4, 2016, ISSN  0949-8036 , pp. 128-135.
  7. ↑ Jan-Peter Frahm , Norbert J. Stapper: The influence of the humidity of an area on the determination of the air quality with lichens according to VDI 3957 sheet 13. In: Hazardous substances - pure content. Air. 68, No. 6, 2008, ISSN  0949-8036 , pp. 251-256.
  8. ↑ Ulrich Kirschbaum: The new lichen mapping guideline VDI 3957 sheet 13. In: Hazardous substances - clean content. Air. 65, No. 11/12, 2005, ISSN  0949-8036 , pp. 498-499.
  9. ^ Association of German Engineers : VDI Guideline: VDI 3799 Part 1 Measurement of Immission Effects - Determination and Assessment of Phytotoxic Effects of Immissions with Lichen - Lichen mapping to determine the air quality value (LGW) , accessed on March 25, 2017
  10. ↑ VDI 3799 sheet 2: 1991-10 measurement of immission effects; Determination and assessment of phytotoxic effects of immissions with lichens; Method of standardized lichen exposure (Measurement of immission effects; measurement and evaluation of phytotoxic effects of ambient air pollutants (immissions) with lichens; method of standardized lichen exposure). Beuth Verlag, Berlin, p. 4.
  11. ^ Norbert J. Stapper, Isabelle Franzen-Reuter, Jan-Peter Frahm: Epiphytic lichens as indicators of effect for climate changes in the Düsseldorf area. In: Hazardous substances - cleanliness. Air. 71, No. 4, 2011, ISSN  0949-8036 , pp. 173-178.
  12. ↑ VDI 3957 sheet 20: 2017-07 Biological measurement methods for determining and assessing the effects of air pollution (biomonitoring); Mapping of lichens to determine the effect of local climate changes (Biological measuring techniques for the determination and evaluation of effects of air pollutants (biomonitoring); Mapping of lichens to indicate local climate change). Beuth Verlag, Berlin, p. 5.