Frequency shortage
A classic problem of broadcasting is called frequency shortage or frequency shortage : only certain sections of the frequency spectrum are suitable for broadcasts , so the number of terrestrial channels or transmitters is generally limited.
Possible solutions
The frequency shortage has been gradually reduced by cable distribution systems, satellite communication and the digitization of transmission technology since the 1980s :
- Reduced transmission ranges (so-called low power stations ) enable better frequency usage through regionalization .
- Cable distribution systems can use additional frequency ranges, but this requires high transmission capacities ( broadband cable ) and the possibility of frequency division multiplexing .
- Satellite communication will open up additional frequencies; However, the technology required for this was not affordable and market-ready for larger groups of customers until the end of the 1980s.
- Digitization in the context of digital audio broadcasting (DAB) and digital video broadcasting (DVB) creates the possibility of single-frequency networks and redistribution of frequencies through data compression ( see also digital broadcasting and digital dividends ).
In principle, however, the frequency shortage can never be completely eliminated. Broadcasting frequencies are therefore considered to be a valuable resource that is distributed in a controlled manner by state regulatory authorities and state media authorities (Germany) or auctions (USA).
In contrast, an unlimited number of "channels" can be transmitted over the Internet ; the only physical limit is the gross bandwidth of the data lines between Internet "sender" and Internet radio - or IPTV - "receiver". In addition, the available bandwidth is allocated dynamically and is therefore only used when required, so there is no need for a fixed allocation of transmission frequencies for permanent use.