Digital broadcasting

from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

With digital broadcasting is broadcasting refers to a digital uses transmission technology. There are various methods that are only partially compatible with one another. Unlike streaming media (such as IPTV and radio ), the signals are distributed from the transmitter to a plurality of subscribers, while with streaming media in broadcasting web server usually separated for each participant a "point-to-point connection" ( English Point to Point ). Nevertheless, the term “broadcasting” has become established for both cases, since the difference is practically meaningless for the participant.

Standards and differences

When digital television ( English digital television, DTV ) the following differences:

For the procedures in radio, see digital radio .

Digital distribution

For digital distribution, the program signal must first be digitized and compressed, unless the signal is already digital. Today, however, almost everything is produced and manufactured digitally. Several digital programs are then bundled for transmission ( multiplexing ). The data bundles are then sent to the receiver via cable, satellite or antenna. There the signal is decoded by the receiving device itself or the set-top box .

Analog shutdown

In Germany, the plan was to finally cease broadcasting using analog broadcasting methods by 2010 and then to broadcast broadcasting only digitally. In the member states of the EU, this switchover should take place by 2012 at the latest. This goal was clearly missed. In Germany and Austria, DAB with the audio codec MUSICAM was not able to establish itself , which is why it has since been completely discontinued in Austria and has since been restarted in both countries with the more efficient, but incompatible audio codec HE AAC v2 (DAB +). In Switzerland, the introduction of DAB was more successful, but also switched to DAB +. In the rest of Europe the situation is confusing, in some places operations have been stopped again, in other countries it seems to be partially successful. See also Digital Audio Broadcasting in Europe .

According to the federal government's media and communications report for 2008, however, the “extremely complicated” digitization process will “probably go well beyond 2015”. This refers mainly to radio programs in the VHF range. A resolution passed by the Bundestag on October 27, 2011 takes this knowledge into account and repeals the deadline set for 2015 for analogue VHF broadcasting.

The changeover promises a greater transmission capacity and lower costs with less susceptibility to interference. As a side effect, however, the range is reduced to the official transmission area. Reception is then only in the immediate vicinity of the transmitter network of single-frequency network possible. For conventional, analog television receivers, a digital receiver (set-top box) is then required that converts the digital signals. New television receivers can increasingly receive the digital signal directly. For the radio then be special radio receivers needed that since 2017 TechniSat and Vistron as a tuner for the HiFi offered Plant.

The analog broadcast via satellite of the German public and private television programs ended on April 30, 2012.

In Switzerland, analogue cable television was largely replaced by DVB-C by 2015 . In Germany, starting in 2017, the analog broadcasting PAL was gradually discontinued and replaced by DVB-C. Here ended Unitymedia be the first cable operator analogue television in June 2017; Vodafone followed in 2018.

Consumers could, among other things, check teletext page 198 on various broadcasters to see whether they were already receiving the digital signal. Corresponding information was output in teletext in this case.

DVB-T replaces analog antenna television

In Germany, the switch to terrestrial television (from PAL to DVB-T ) was carried out between 2002 and 2008 (see also DVB-T switch in Germany ). In Austria, the changeover was carried out in 2006 and 2007 (see also DVB-T changeover in Austria ). The changeover in Switzerland was completed in 2007 (see DVB-T changeover in Switzerland ).

DVB-T2 replaces DVB-T

In autumn 2009 the DVB-T successor standard DVB-T2 was published. The first test operations with DVB-T2 began in 2015. It is to be introduced across the board by 2019 [obsolete] and DVB-T is to be switched off. In some other countries, such as B. in England , DVB-T2 / MPEG-4 has been spread since December 1st, 2009. The partial conversion to DVB-T2 is to be completed there in 2012 [obsolete] and 98.5 percent of viewers can then be reached. In Germany, DVB-T distribution has been regionally replaced by DVB-T2 HD since 2017 , and the changeover should be completed in mid-2019.

satellite

As of mid-2012, Brazil is the last country in the world to broadcast analog television programs via satellite on a large scale. At the beginning of 2013, 30 programs were broadcast via the Star One C2 satellite on 70 ° West. All other countries - most recently Germany on April 30, 2012 - have completely switched to one or more of the DVB-S , DVB-S2 , ISDB-S or DSS standards.

Pay TV providers in particular forced a changeover in some cases as early as the late 1990s, because, on the one hand, the variety of analogue programs common in this area is not possible at all, or only at much higher cost, and, on the other hand, analogue encryption systems are considered easy to circumvent. Since these are only of minor importance in Germany, this influence remained significantly less here, which reduced the audience's willingness to switch.

In the end, an agreement was reached on April 30, 2012, after the original date had been postponed when the degree of digitization at the time was around 80%. Theoretically, the stations could have switched off earlier, which was used by some smaller providers. Since April 30, 2012, ARD, ZDF and the German private broadcasters can only be received digitally. The ORF programs have only been available digitally since 2000.

At the beginning of the information campaign about the shutdown about six months in advance, various bodies reported strongly fluctuating numbers of two to five million households that were still using analog television programs via satellite. It should be noted here that these figures are determined through surveys and that many viewers do not know the reception technology they use. In the period that followed, the urgency of the change was repeatedly pointed out when the numbers were only slightly changed, and the analogue channels were partially overlaid with corresponding information. After the shutdown, only "very few" viewers sought advice from an appropriate service hotline. The sales of receivers increased only minimally in the corresponding period, which was nevertheless celebrated by the industry as an effect of the analog switch-off.

electric wire

In the case of cable television , the changeover takes place with DVB-C or DVB-C2 , whereby DVB-C and DVB-C2 are not compatible with one another and with analog transmission. The conversion was initially supposed to be driven by the market, but the aim was also 2010 for the analogue switch-off. In addition to the previous deactivation of analog channels in the cable, there could also be a hard switch (abrupt analog deactivation). The Association of Private Broadcasting and Telemedia in Germany (VPRT) advocates that politicians implement “a tough, possibly island-wide switchover for cable” because broadcasters cannot finance the simultaneous broadcasting of programs in digital and analogue over the long term.

Especially in older residential areas, but also in some new buildings that are only 20 years old, outdated or inadequately shielded antenna cables can impair the signal strength, which has a negative effect on the picture quality. In contrast to analogue transmission, in which the picture and sound quality steadily decrease with decreasing signal strength, but can still be tolerated as increasingly strong noise, complete pictures or parts of the picture fail with digital television transmission. However, many property management companies or landlords of these houses see no need for action to replace the antenna cabling or reject it for reasons of cost.

Kabel Deutschland announced in 2009 that analogue distribution would continue to be up to max. Wanting to operate in parallel with the digital in 2017. It is already a fact that the digital program offer in the cable far exceeds the remaining analog offer, just as far as the unencrypted channel bouquet is concerned (i.e. not counting the paid programs). Even with the analog VHF tuner at the cable connection, only very old devices already have the problem of insufficient selectivity and insufficient intermodulation and image frequency stability , which sometimes makes the picture quality of the analog signal poor (Griesel) or almost unusable ( Moiré interference ), which makes the switch would make it necessary to use digital technology in such cases at least via a set-top box. This moiré interference occurs especially with poorly dimensioned analog receivers in range III VHF when a broad signal band (DVB-C) is present on VHF sub-band I in the range of 73 MHz, which is due to harmonic up-mixing (up-mixing in the intermediate frequency in addition to the poorly suppressed image frequency) can interfere with reception in VHF range III.

In 2016, around 82.1 percent of all households with cable reception received the television signal digitally. The annual increase is 7 percent. Similar to satellite television, one would like to switch off the analog signal when the share is over 80 percent. In May 2013, the Federal Cartel Office prohibited basic encryption in the cable of digital television. A DVB-C tuner is therefore sufficient to receive the digital signal in the cable. New television sets almost always have such digital receivers (tuners). So it happens that around half of the households that still receive analog TV signals via cable today actually already have a television set with a digital receiver. For these households, only a new channel search would be necessary to switch from analog to digital reception. In particular, pensioners and low-income households still receive analogue cable TV. For the remaining households with a purely analog television set, a set-top box provided free of charge by the cable companies could result in a switch. At the end of 2014 Unitymedia announced the gradual discontinuation of analogue distribution. As of July 2015, the Unitymedia cable network gradually stopped analog broadcasting. On June 30, 2017, Unitymedia completely stopped analogue broadcasting. The ANGA Association of German Cable Network Operators announced that analog television broadcasting in the German cable networks will be discontinued by the end of 2018 at the latest. In the federal states of Bavaria, Bremen and Saxony, analogue switch-off was required by law until the end of 2018. It cannot be ruled out that smaller network operators in the other countries will also feed in analog broadcasting.

Internet (IP TV and web radio)

The digitalization of broadcasting takes place even without terrestrial broadcasting via the Internet. Also radio via the phone is in newer mid-range mobile phone models (end of 2010) standard.

In 2014, 5.6 percent of households in Germany had a separate IP radio. In 2014, 23.3 percent of households in Germany received Internet radio via smartphone, tablet, laptop or PC. In 2016, 34.1 percent of all people aged 14 and over received radio over the Internet.

At least 45 percent of people over the age of 14 in Germany use video content from the Internet. Almost half of them use the video content from the Internet directly on the television. Internet videos are received on the television set via so-called smart TVs or extra set-top boxes. Such set-top boxes are available in Germany for from 70 euros plus costs for wireless keyboard and mouse.

However, one radio and IP-TV , which means streaming will not spread, from a technical perspective to digital broadcasting ( broadcast ).

Terrestrial radio

All radio broadcasts across the EU should be digitized by 2010 and 2012 respectively. This also applies to the terrestrial transmission of analog radio on VHF . It should be replaced by DAB . Transmission by means of DRM was planned for long, medium and short wave .

The revocation of the frequency allocation for VHF broadcasting in Germany should take place in accordance with Section 63 (5) TKG by 2015 at the latest, whereby the competent authority must specify a period of at least one year in the revocation declaration . However, it is now clear that analog radio will exist well beyond 2015, as there are still a large number of VHF receivers on the market that would become unusable if converted. The private radio providers in particular therefore welcomed the Bundestag resolution of October 27, 2011, which lifted the deadline set until 2015 to switch off analogue VHF programs.

While analog and digital radio broadcast in the same frequency band in television and thus each analog channel blocks the capacities for many digital programs, this digitization reason does not apply to radio: analog radio broadcasts in VHF band II , digital in VHF band III .

Dissemination of digital radio via DVB-T

Technically possible, this additional possibility of broadcasting radio programs was only realized selectively. In Germany there was only radio via DVB-T in Berlin and Leipzig. Half a DVB-T bouquet was available to private radio stations in Berlin. In mid-2009, the Commission for Determining the Financial Requirements of Broadcasters (KEF) came out in favor of examining DVB-T as an alternative to DAB. This recommendation met with criticism, because Ulrich Reimer's only technician was considered biased (his name appears on DVB-T patents). There are still no mobile devices for exclusive DVB-T radio reception. See also: digital radio, section digital aerial television (DVB-T) .

FM radio on DAB or DAB + in Germany and Europe

Although "Digital Radio" ( DAB ) has been available almost everywhere in Germany since 2005 at the latest, the technology has by far not found the acceptance hoped for. In 2007, the University of Bonn assumed 546,000 DAB receivers in German households. Even in new vehicles (cars / trucks) almost exclusively analogue devices with VHF were installed until 2011. The reasons for the low distribution and acceptance since 1995 were the lack of added value; in particular there is a lack of program diversity. But the sound quality was also not convincing in many cases because the bit rates were too low. That only changed with the start of broadcasting of the further developed DAB + on August 1, 2011.

DAB + uses more efficient channel coding and compression methods and has an even greater range and reception reliability than DAB with comparable transmission power. In addition to Deutschlandfunk, Deutschlandradio Kultur and DRadio Wissen, some private radio providers (LoungeFM, Absolut Radio, Energy, ERF Radio, Klassik Radio, Radio Bob, Radio Horeb, KISS FM and sunshine live) broadcast on a nationwide multiplex. The network of initially 27 channels is to be expanded across the board to 110 channels by 2015. In addition, since the late summer of 2011, regional transmitter bouquets in 14 federal states have switched regular operation from DAB to DAB + or started it for the first time (Hessen). This means that the required variety of programs (both public and private providers) has been in place since January 2012 at the latest. The range of affordable and usable devices has also expanded by leaps and bounds.

In the UK and Denmark, the VHF switch off has been postponed indefinitely. In France, the digitization of radio was decreed. France does not rely on DAB, but on DAB + , DRM and DMB. Since DAB technology has been in use since 1995, a few countries are of the opinion that this technology is already out of date and are looking for new solutions: Sweden and Finland have turned away from DAB and want the development of DRM +, DVB-H and wait for other techniques.

In total, DAB is currently used in more than 40 countries. 500 million people are currently in the range of DAB stations. Around 12 million receivers were sold worldwide, including a maximum of one million devices in Germany, according to sources.

In 2013, the share of DAB radios in Germany was 4.5 percent. That is around 2.7 million DAB devices. In 2014 there were around 5 million DAB devices across Germany. In 2014 there were 1.3 million DAB devices in cars in particular, an increase of 108% over the previous year.

In 2014, 7.5 percent of households in Germany received radio via DAB. In 2015, 10 percent of households in Germany received radio via DAB +, i.e. This means that around 4 million households in Germany received DAB + in 2015, around one million more than in 2014. In 2015 there were 6.4 million DAB + radios in Germany. Around 2 million of these are car radio devices, which corresponds to a growth rate of around 49 percent over the previous year. 4.9 percent of all car radios in Germany in 2015 were DAB + devices. In 2016, 13.8 percent of all people over the age of 14 in Germany received the radio via DAB +

The MDR director and ARD chairwoman 2016-2017 Karola Wille stated at the beginning of 2016 that a specific, common switch-off time for analogue VHF broadcasting should be discussed with the legislature if nationwide mobile DAB + reception of 95 in Germany Percent and a distribution rate of DAB + compatible devices (market penetration) of 30 percent is achieved.

DRM: radio on long wave, medium wave and short wave

On medium wave , long wave and short wave , the amplitude modulation should be replaced by DRM. The biggest leap in quality would be achieved by switching to digital radio with Digital Radio Mondiale, DRM for short, to long wave, medium wave and short wave. DRM is sometimes referred to as digital medium wave.

International wave conference RRC 06

Digital worldwide broadcasting standards

At the international wave conference RRC 06 , the digital terrestrial channels for broadcasting in the frequency ranges VHF and UHF were coordinated. The results of the RRC 06 came into force on June 17, 2007. This agreement determined the technical frequency framework for digital terrestrial broadcasting for at least the next 20 years. The RRC 06 has left open whether the transmission capacities provided will be used for radio or television. That is why the necessary decisions must be made in the individual states in the next few months. In addition to mixed uses via DMB and DVB-H , it is becoming apparent that television is broadcast via DVB-T in Band IV / V and radio via DAB in Band III .

Transmission capacities according to RRC 06

According to the results of the RRC 06, the following transmission capacities are available:

  • a DVB-T network in VHF band III (7 MHz)
  • six DVB-T networks in UHF band IV / V (8 MHz)
  • an additional (further) DVB-T network (generally> K60) is not expected to be available until 2012 at the earliest (8 MHz)
  • two further DAB networks in VHF band III in addition to the K12 network, one of which is nationwide and one regionally or locally structured.

Digital terrestrial transmission standards

DAB , DMB , DVB-T and DVB-H in the frequency bands III (VHF), IV / V (UHF) and in the L-band are available as digital terrestrial radio transmission methods. In the future, these different standards are to be merged into an IP-based standard DxB. Only DAB in the MPEG 2 Layer 1 format is an audio standard, but it can also transmit data services. The remaining standards are open to the type of content. So that radio is not displaced, a minimum amount of transmission capacity is reserved for it. TV, data services and telecommunication purposes are only forfeited if they are not used.

HD radio , DRM and DRM + are permitted, but are not explicitly promoted.

It is expected that transmission standards will continue to improve in the future. This means that new receivers will always be necessary. Alternatively, newly developed receiving devices could help, which can be brought up to date using update functions. Such devices are currently not represented in the German market.

DAB + devices are not compatible with the existing DAB radio equipment as well as DVB-T2 - top boxes not with DVB-T set-top boxes and TV sets with built-in DVB-T receiver.

Degree of digitization in television reception channels in Germany

Degree of digitization according to transmission path


2018 2017 2016 2015 2014 2013 2012 2011 2010 2009 2008 2007 2006 2005
electric wire 92.9% 88.6% 82.1% 72.5% 62.9% 55.9% 48.2% 42.5% 37.8% 30.6% 21.0% 16.2% 15.2% 9.7%
Sat 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 86.4% 79.1% 74.1% 65.7% 57.3% 47.2% 38.8%
antenna 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 95.1% 86.0% 57.1% 45.6%

Here, 50 percent is the decisive brand. If the new technology has a market share of more than 50 percent, providers and consumers switch completely to the new technology very quickly. The greatest challenge for regulation remains the analog-digital transition in the cable. The state media authorities are therefore calling for pilot projects to explore the possibilities of a complete digital changeover.

Overall, 92.3% of German households received digital television in 2016 after 83.8% in 2014, 81% (2013), 78% (2012), 68% (2011), 62% (2010), 55% ( 2009), 47% (2008), 40% (2007) and 31% (2006).

Internet TV and DSL TV with a share of 2.3% in 2010 are becoming more and more established as a new television reception method. This new reception method is 100% digital.

Degree of digitization in television reception channels in comparison in the EU

In the UK, more than 70% of households were receiving digital TV in 2006. In Western Europe the average is 44 percent. IPTV is gaining in importance as a further reception channel. In the EU, Germany is clearly behind when it comes to TV digitization. In Great Britain this was 86 percent in 2007, in Germany it was 40 to 47 percent. In 2007, the share of digital cable reception in Great Britain and Spain was more than 90 percent, in Germany less than 20 percent. In 2007, the share of digital satellite reception in Italy and Great Britain was 100 percent, Spain 90 percent, France 80 percent and Germany 56 percent. In 2007, the IPTV reception channel had a market share of 5 percent in France, 3 percent in Spain, 2 percent in Italy, and around 0 percent in Germany and Great Britain.

At the beginning of 2010, digitization in Finland was 100%, Great Britain 88.5%, Spain 83.4%, Italy 71.7%, France 70.1%, Germany 56.3%. The average in Europe was 59.7%. Germany was thus slightly behind the European average. TV via DSL or IPTV or Internet TV achieved a market share of 13.4% in France at the beginning of 2010 and 1.7% in Germany

Since April 30, 2012, analog reception via satellite is no longer possible in Germany. Since then there has only been digital transmission in Germany.

Criticism of the analog shutdown

There are also many criticisms of the analog shutdown. It is often mentioned that digitization makes old devices unusable. While the purchase of digital television sets as a replacement is “only” associated with costs, there are currently hardly any radio receivers suitable for DVB-C, so that in most cases terrestrial reception has to be used.

Since the digital signals can be encrypted quite easily, many users fear a later conversion from previously free to chargeable offers. With DVB-T2, this has already been done using basic encryption: For most private broadcasters, the distribution channel (not the programs themselves) is chargeable.

Critics also see the possibilities of free access and the use of the media as a result of the use of digital processes and the digital rights management ( DRM ) as well as HD + that are possible as a result .

The changeover does not automatically improve the transmission quality for the customer. It is technically possible in principle, but is not necessarily aimed at by the operator after weighing economic aspects. DAB broadcasting in England is often used as an example, in which the initially high bit rates were increasingly reduced - in favor of more programs per DAB ensemble (= program package).

The theoretically better sound quality of DAB or DAB + has little or no effect on mobile devices (handle goods) because small speakers cannot reproduce the additional audio frequencies. In rural areas, supply shortages for indoor reception are widespread; DAB + receivers can therefore also receive FM in order not to be useless there.

The demodulation and decoding of digital signals is also more complex than that of analog signals. That is why digital receivers need more mass, more volume and more power.

Legal basis in Germany

The analogue shutdown is regulated u. a. via Section 63 (5) TKG , Section 48 , Section 49 TKG

The transition is carried out via the state media laws by distributing and withdrawing broadcasting licenses.

Today (2020) television in Germany takes place predominantly via DVB-C, DVB-S, DVB-T2 and IPTV (streaming), radio is still via VHF, DAB +, DVB-C, DVB-S, and via web radio.

See also

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ Fair: First on air ( Memento of the original from March 10, 2006 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. fraunhofer.de  @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.first.fraunhofer.de
  2. ↑ a b Press release of the EU Commission on the shutdown of analogue radio (radio and television) in the EU by the beginning of 2010 or by the end of 2012 - The European Commission expects radio and television to be digital almost everywhere in the EU by 2010
  3. ↑ Analog broadcasting ends in the EU in 2010 on Wikinews
  4. ↑ Shutdown of analogue broadcasting in Germany by the end of 2010 Heise-Newsticker: "Most of the EU member states that have set a date for the shutdown of analogue broadcasting have decided on 2010, including Germany."
  5. ↑ Heise-Newsticker, February 10, 2006 : "According to the current status, radio reception via cable, antenna and satellite is to be completely converted to digital technology by 2010."
  6. ↑ a b blm.de: as early as 1998: “According to a resolution by the federal government that is still in office, the transition to digital broadcasting technology should be largely completed by 2010. For this purpose, a timetable has been agreed with all interest groups. The change affects the distribution via cable, satellite and terrestrial. "
  7. ↑ Media and Communication Report of the Federal Government 2008
  8. ^ German Bundestag: switching off analogue VHF radio from the table for the time being
  9. ↑ Bundestag resolves: No switch-off date for FM radio at the end of 2015, published on October 27, 2011
  10. ↑ clear-digital.de ( Memento of the original from December 10, 2011 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. Joint information page of the public and private television providers as well as the state media authorities @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / klar-digital.de
  11. ↑ TV everywhere see map there
  12. ↑ Heise.de digitizes aerial television in Germany
  13. ↑ der Standard: “The changeover from west to east is to be completed in intervals by autumn 2007, but small secondary transmitters will be operated in PAL for longer. The first Austrian households in the nine provincial capitals and the surrounding area can already receive ORF1, ORF2 and ATVplus digitally via antenna. All analog TV frequencies were completely switched off by 2010. "
  14. ^ End of analog satellite TV for 2012 sealed heise.de
  15. ↑ http://www.digitalfernsehen.de/Analogverschaltung-Erste-Sender-ab- Jahresesende-nur-noch- digital.75183.0.html
  16. ↑ ORF digital: 05/12 end for analogue satellite TV , accessed on October 9, 2014.
  17. ↑ ORF digital: Digital satellite reception , accessed on October 9, 2014.
  18. ↑ http://www.digitalfernsehen.de/IFA-2011-Digitalisierungsbericht-Trommeln-fuer-Sat-Umstieg.65878.0.html
  19. ↑ http://www.digitalfernsehen.de/Sat-Analogverschaltung-Kampagnen-von-TV-Sendern-und-Herstellern.65357.0.html
  20. ↑ http://www.digitalfernsehen.de/Analogverschaltung-Fuer-1-8-Millionen-wird-es-langsam-knapp.79251.0.html
  21. ↑ http://www.digitalfernsehen.de/Analogverschaltung-Niemand-kann-sagen-er-haette-nichts-gewusst.85341.0.html
  22. ↑ http://www.digitalfernsehen.de/Klardigital-Analogverschaltung-ohne-groessere-Probleme-führungen.85818.0.html
  23. ↑ http://www.digitalfernsehen.de/GfK-Analogverschaltung-kurbelt-Geschaeft-mit-TVs-und-Receivern-an.86463.0.html
  24. ↑ bmwi.de: ( Memento of the original from October 26, 2006 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. "1.1 Cable: The market participants should jointly develop a transition scenario, which, taking into account the previous time target 2010, enables analogue transmission to gradually expire and thereby involve retailers, consumer associations and the housing industry. (...) Cable 3.1: The transition process from analog to digital transmission had already started in broadband cable networks in 2000. At the time, the Digital Broadcasting Initiative assumed that this process could essentially be market-driven. (...) The IDR assumed that the analog transmission could well expire before 2010. "  @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.bmwi.de
  25. ↑ kabelbw.de: “For us it is important that every target group can receive their respective digital channels in the cable. Kabel even offers more than 70 exclusive contents that cannot be received via satellite, DVB-T or the Internet, ”says Georg Hofer, CEO of Kabel BW. Digital channels have been broadcast via cable since 1997, and by 2010 the plan is to switch to digital reception across Germany, which means that analog television will be switched off.
  26. ↑ kabelbw.de: In order to watch digital TV, viewers need a cable digital box that is simply plugged between the TV and the cable socket. Digital television does not cost an additional cable fee and will be introduced in 2010 in accordance with the will of politicians in Europe and thus also in Baden-Württemberg. This means that conventional analog television will then be switched off at the latest.
  27. ↑ kabelbw.de: “Today, over 33% of our customers only watch digitally with the Kabel-Digital-Box - a top figure in Germany. Certainly also because of our diverse range of programs. This means that our customers are well equipped to switch off analog television in 2010, ”says Kabel BW managing director Hofer.
  28. ↑ Unknown. (No longer available online.) In: www.lfm-nrw.de. Archived from the original on September 28, 2007 ; Retrieved on July 6, 2012 (source was no longer available at the time of review, so the title is unknown.): “Question 16: What happens if I don't buy or rent a receiver for digital television? If you do not buy or rent a receiver for digital television, television reception will no longer be possible once analog television is stopped. This occurs particularly quickly in digital terrestrial television because the previous frequencies of analog terrestrial television are required here for digital terrestrial television. In the case of digital television via satellite and cable, there are somewhat longer transition times, but for reasons of economy, the shutdown of analogue television is planned by 2010 at the latest. " Info: The archive link was set up automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.lfm-nrw.de
  29. ↑ blm.de ( Memento of the original from January 10, 2007 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. (PDF) “Digitization of the cable: According to the requirements of the federal government, analog television is to be switched off in Germany by 2010. Of course, this also applies to the analog distribution of television programs via cable. Kabel Deutschland and other cable network operators have already done preliminary work here. "  @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.blm.de
  30. ↑ alm.de: ( Memento of the original from October 20, 2007 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. "The plans of individual cable network operators to 'melt down' analogue cable channels in the course of digitization (...) In a round of talks between the state media authorities and cable network operators in June 2006, a nationwide coordinated procedure was agreed that should be particularly committed to transparency and fair burden sharing in this temporary bottleneck situation ; the testing of a so-called hard switch in some selected spatial areas is part of the agreement. "  @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.alm.de
  31. ↑ a b Digitization Report 2006 ( Memento of the original dated February 23, 2007 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. (PDF) p. 12 point 5: “The greatest challenge for regulation remains the analog-digital transition in the cable. The current transition phase leads to bottlenecks that are particularly threatening for smaller organizers. The state media authorities are therefore calling for pilot projects to explore the possibilities of a complete digital switchover "  @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.alm.de
  32. ↑ golem.de: Quote: “The private television stations reject the parallel broadcast of analog and digital programs in simulcast mode. For the program organizers concerned, this could not be financed on a permanent basis. Therefore, the VPRT advocates that politics provide for 'a hard, possibly island-wide switchover for the cable'. "
  33. ↑ Uwe Mantel: Kabel Deutschland: Analog TV will remain for years on July 29, 2009, accessed on December 20, 2011
  34. ↑ Digitization Report 2016, page 38, accessed on November 17, 2016
  35. ↑ Digitization Report 2014, pages 35–37, accessed on September 12, 2014
  36. ↑ Unitymedia: "Analogue distribution will be phased out" Accessed on May 25, 2015
  37. ↑ Thomas Schilling: End of analog cable television. In: SWR Online. June 15, 2015, accessed June 16, 2015 .
  38. ↑ Digitization Report 2016, page 30. In: die-medienanstalten.de. September 4, 2016. Retrieved November 17, 2016 .
  39. ↑ Thomas Schilling: Media companies switch on when analogue is switched off. In: golem.de. June 24, 2015, accessed March 11, 2016 .
  40. ↑ Your questions about the digital switchover in cable. Initiative "Digitales Kabel", accessed on September 2, 2018 .
  41. ↑ rein-hoeren.de: ( Memento of the original from March 4, 2016 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. “Radio is already digital. On the Internet - and almost everyone has that. (...) Interestingly, BigFM is currently asking its listeners what they imagine digital radio to mean and what they hope for from digital radio. DAB does not play a role in this survey. In addition to the classic VHF, Internet radio usage is primarily queried. (...) The strategic direction of BigFM is clearly outlined. Regular operation on VHF and on the web, experiments on mobile phones. "  @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.rein-hoeren.de
  42. ↑ Digitization Report 2014, data and facts, page 93
  43. ↑ Digitization Report 2016, page 58
  44. ↑ Digitization Report 2014, data and facts, page 60
  45. ↑ Set-top box for smart TV
  46. ↑ Landtag in NRW ( Memento of the original from March 14, 2007 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. : “The introduction of DAB must develop new dynamics. For this purpose (...) develop a common timetable for the introduction of DAB. This step-by-step plan should include, among other things, when individual VHF programs are digitized or when the automotive industry uses car radios that can also receive digital signals. At the end of the phased plan, the analog signal would be replaced by the digital signal. (...) to work towards the fact that the initiative group, with the participation of the federal states, elaborates and implements a timely binding step-by-step plan for the analog switch-off. "  @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.landtag.nrw.de
  47. ↑ Media and Communication Report of the Federal Government 2008 (PDF), page 38
  48. ↑ Bundestag resolves: No switch-off date for FM radio at the end of 2015. Published on Oct. 27, 2011
  49. ↑ DAB broadcasting area Germany 2005 ( Memento of the original from July 6, 2006 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link has been inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. digitalradio.de  @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.digitalradio.de
  50. ↑ University of Bonn assumes 546,000 devices in German households
  51. ↑ http://www.bclnews.it/2018/03/19/bbc-cancelled-plans-to-switch-off-fm-radio-broadcasts/
  52. ↑ https://fdm.dk/nyheder/bilist/2018-06-fm-bandet-din-bilradio-overlever
  53. ↑ 160 stations approved for DAB ( Memento of the original from January 21, 2017 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. on rein-hoeren.de  @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.rein-hoeren.de
  54. ↑ Annual Report 2005 ( Memento of the original from March 23, 2006 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. (PDF) worlddab.org. “DAB Digital Radio has become an internationally adopted standard that can be seen and heard in nearly 40 countries (…). Countries including India, China and South Africa, are testing DAB and developing consumer trials. More than 500 million people worldwide are within range of a DAB digital radio transmitter, and there are nearly 1000 services on air. "  @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.worlddab.org
  55. ↑ Digitization Report 2013 (PDF; 833 kB)
  56. ↑ Digitization Report 2014, data and facts, page 98
  57. ↑ Digitization Report 2014, data and facts, page 100
  58. ↑ Digitization Report 2014, data and facts, page 93
  59. ↑ Digitization Report 2015, Digital Radio 2015, page 4 ff
  60. ↑ Digitization Report 2016, page 58
  61. ↑ Karola Wille: Future of the radio . Guest contribution in: January program from Deutschlandradio , No. 1/2016, p. 14
  62. ↑ bmwi.de: ( Memento of the original from October 26, 2006 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. "With the DRM process, a digital transmission process for the long, medium and shortwave ranges and the like is international. a. standardized with significant improvements in reception quality and stability. The DRM system is an interesting addition to DAB radio, both together, integrated in one device, enable the reception of a large number of local, regional, national and international radio programs. Technically, both systems are very similar and the first chip manufacturers have already announced the production of combination receivers. (…) 4.3.3.2 DRM: A working group 'DRM introduction in Germany' was set up within the IDR in 2002, the basics a switch from analog to digital use of frequencies should be outlined in terms of broadcasting and media law. In September 2003 this working group presented its first report. On the basis of this report, a concept that shows the concrete way to introduce DRM in Germany was presented in August 2004. (...) With the adoption of this concept by the decision-making chamber of the Federal Network Agency, it should soon be possible to issue 'standard licenses' for DRM for the first time. "  @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.bmwi.de
  63. ↑ alm.de ( Memento of the original from January 4, 2007 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. (PDF) "2.8 Implementation of the RRC 06: At the international wave conference RRC 06, the digital terrestrial broadcasting channels for broadcasting in the frequency ranges VHF and UHF were coordinated. The results of the RRC 06 will be published as the ' GE06 Agreement ' and will come into force on June 17, 2007. This agreement defines the technical frequency framework for digital terrestrial broadcasting for at least the next 20 years. They repeal the agreements from 1961 (Stockholm) and supplement the results of the Maastricht and Wiesbaden conferences for DAB . The RRC 06 left it open whether the transmission capacities provided will be used for radio or television . That is why the necessary decisions must be made in the individual states in the next few months. In addition to mixed uses via DMB and DVB-H , it is becoming apparent that television is broadcast via DVB-T in Band IV / V and radio via DAB in Band III . "  @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.alm.de
  64. ↑ Transmission capacities according to RRC 06 ( Memento of the original from January 4, 2007 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. alm.de  @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.alm.de
  65. ↑ alm.de ( Memento of the original from January 4, 2007 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. (PDF) “3.4 Own digital transmission capacities for radio (…) DAB-Digital Audio Broadcast, DMB-Digital Multimedia Broadcast8, DVB-T-Digital Video Broadcast and DVB-H-Digital Video Broadcast Handheld are the digital terrestrial broadcast transmission methods in the frequency bands III (VHF), IV / V (UHF) and in the L-band are available. In the future, these different standards are to be merged into an IP-based standard DxB. Only DAB in the MPEG 2 Layer 1 format is an audio standard, but it can also transmit data services. The other standards are open to the type of content. "  @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.alm.de
  66. ↑ alm.de ( Memento of the original from January 4, 2007 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. (PDF) “In order to secure the development chances of radio , the DLM advocates giving radio broadcasting in the digital world primarily terrestrial transmission capacities and expressly assigning separate multiplexes or partially multiplexes for the distribution of radio programs and their additional services. For this reason, too, it rejects a media-neutral, only frequency-technical allocation of capacities without naming the type of program. Only if transmission capacities reserved for radio are not used by radio broadcasters should they be used for TV, data services and finally for telecommunications purposes. "  @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.alm.de
  67. ↑ alm.de ( Memento of the original from January 4, 2007 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. (PDF) “HD-Radio: The DLM has no fundamental objections if this process is technically applicable and the organizers want to use this process. However, the broadcasting laws or state agreements applicable in the individual countries must be observed with regard to the licensing. The DLM does not consider the possibilities of this procedure to be sufficient to give radio broadcasting new impulses. This also applies to the use of DRM (Digital Radio Mondial) for short, long and medium wave and DRM plus for the VHF frequency range. The prerequisite for using DRM plus would be to switch off the analogue VHF radio and reorganize the frequencies. However, this is not realistic for the foreseeable future, also because it would exclude simulcasting. "  @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.alm.de
  68. ↑ alm.de ( Memento of the original from January 4, 2007 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. (PDF) “The DLM expects that the coding and transmission standards will continuously improve in the future. As a result, listeners have to be prepared to keep replacing radios. "  @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.alm.de
  69. ↑ alm.de ( Memento of the original from January 4, 2007 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. (PDF) “After such a consideration, the DLM advocates using the MPEG 4 AAC + coding in the future. As a result, the devices previously on the market can no longer be used. The DLM found that DAB was not accepted by listeners or by many radio broadcasters. There is no precise information about the number of DAB devices on the market. The numbers vary between 50,000 and 100,000 devices. "  @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.alm.de
  70. ↑ Digitization Report 2018 (PDF) page 36 (6.9 MB)
  71. ↑ Digitization Report 2017 (PDF) page 28 (2.0 MB)
  72. ↑ Digitization Report 2016 (PDF) page 38 (2.1 MB)
  73. ↑ Digitization Report 2015 (PDF) p.42 (2.1 MB)
  74. ↑ Digitization Report 2014 (PDF) page 36 (3.3 MB)
  75. ↑ Digitization Report 2013 (PDF) page 20 (4.7 MB)
  76. ↑ Digitization Report 2012 (PDF) page 46 (7.0 MB)
  77. ↑ Digitization Report 2011 (PDF) page 53 (4.3 MB)
  78. ↑ Digitization Report 2010 (PDF) page 51 (3.8 MB)
  79. ↑ Digitization Report 2009 (PDF) page 49 (2.5 MB)
  80. ↑ Digitization Report 2008 (PDF) page 47 (5.0 MB)
  81. ↑ Digitization Report 2007 (PDF) page 51 (1.7 MB)
  82. ↑ Digitization Report 2006 (PDF) page 58 (1.9 MB)
  83. ↑ Digitization Report 2005 (PDF) page 58 (3.6 MB)
  84. ↑ Digitization Report 2016, page 37
  85. ↑ Digitization Report Facts and Figures 2014, page 15
  86. ↑ Digitization Report 2013 (PDF; 833 kB)
  87. ↑ Digitization Report 2010  ( page no longer available , search in web archives )  Info: The link was automatically marked as defective. Please check the link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. (PDF) Facts and Figures, p. 9@1@ 2Template: Dead Link / www.alm.de  
  88. ↑ Digitization Report 2009 ( Memento of the original from October 3, 2009 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and not yet checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. (PDF) p. 47  @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.alm.de
  89. ↑ Digitization Report 2008  ( page no longer available , search in web archives )  Info: The link was automatically marked as defective. Please check the link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. (PDF) Facts and Figures, pp. 6 and 7@1@ 2Template: Dead Link / www.alm.de  
  90. ↑ Digitization Report 2007  ( page no longer available , search in web archives )  Info: The link was automatically marked as defective. Please check the link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. (PDF) p. 51@1@ 2Template: Dead Link / www.alm.de  
  91. ↑ Digitization Report 2010  ( page no longer available , search in web archives )  Info: The link was automatically marked as defective. Please check the link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. Data and facts, p. 11@1@ 2Template: Dead Link / www.alm.de  
  92. ↑ Digitization Report 2006: ( Memento of the original from February 23, 2007 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. P. 14  @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.alm.de
  93. ↑ Digitization Report 2007  ( page no longer available , search in web archives )  Info: The link was automatically marked as defective. Please check the link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. (PDF) p. 60@1@ 2Template: Dead Link / www.alm.de  
  94. ↑ Germany is behind in terms of digital TV golem.de
  95. ↑ Digitization Report 2010  ( page no longer available , search in web archives )  Info: The link was automatically marked as defective. Please check the link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. (PDF) Data and facts: pp. 39/40@1@ 2Template: Dead Link / www.alm.de  
  96. ↑ klardigital 2012 - an initiative of the state media authorities ( Memento of the original from May 3, 2011 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.klardigital.de
  97. ↑ radioszene.de Example of criticism of the analog switch-off
  98. ↑ alm.de ( Memento of the original from January 4, 2007 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. (PDF) “Starting out from the EU, in recent years there has been a call for VHF to be switched off in favor of digital broadcasting of radio. This has u. a. found its expression in § 63 Abs. 5 TKG. After that, analogue FM broadcasting is to be ended in 2015. The organizers are to be forced to only distribute their programs digitally. ""  @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.alm.de
  99. ↑ alm.de ( Memento of the original from January 4, 2007 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. (PDF) “The state media laws provide the legal basis for this procedure. The digital terrestrial transmission paths for broadcasting are a public good. The state media authorities are responsible for ensuring that these capacities are used. "  @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.alm.de