Peace achievements

German staff officers on maneuvers (1904)

In the German Reich, peace services were defined as those non-monetary property payments that were required by the state to maintain armed power in times of peace from the population (the subjects ). These claims could only be made against payment (compensation).

The peace services were regulated by the following laws:

• Law on the provision of quarters for the armed power during the state of peace, of June 25, 1868 (Federal Law Gazette of the North German Federal 1868, p. 523 ff.), And the
• Law on Benefits in Kind for the Armed Power in Peace, of February 13, 1875 (RGBl. 1875, p. 52 ff.)

with the associated amendments and implementing regulations.

The following services could be requested:

Quarter

Basic provisions

The provision of physical accommodation for the military was basically the responsibility of the state. If this could not be fulfilled, the following rooms were to be granted depending on the planned period:

Permanent accommodation (garrison)

• Permanent accommodation if there is no barracks room or longer billeting during military exercises over 6 months
  • Quarters for men from the sergeant down, and
  • Stables for service horses;

Temporary billeting

• for billeting for less than 6 months or for an indefinite period, for marches and commands
  • Quarters for officers, officials and men
  • Stables for accompanying horses
  • the necessary rooms for business, detention and watch needs.

Exceptions

All rooms suitable for the accommodation of teams and horses could be used for billeting. Exceptions were made for rooms which were designed for the needs of the owner

• Flat,
• Economy,
• Commercial enterprise

were indispensable.

Other exceptions applied to

• Buildings that were intended for the permanent or temporary residence of their owners and
  • were in the possession of members of ruling families,
  • belong to the rulers of the former imperial estates or those houses to which this exemption was guaranteed by contracts or due to special legal titles,
• the homes of the ambassadors and the staff of foreign powers; Furthermore, subject to reciprocity, the apartments of the professional consuls of foreign powers, provided they were members of the sending state and had not operated any business in their place of residence or owned any land;
• those buildings and parts of buildings which are intended for a public service or use, regardless of their ownership structure; in particular the buildings and parts of buildings intended for use by authorities and those required for the operation of the railways;
• University and other buildings, libraries and museums intended for public education;
• Churches, chapels and other buildings dedicated to public worship, as well as the worship buildings of religious societies with corporate rights;
• Poor's, orphanages and hospitals, correctional and storage institutions, prisons, and buildings that belonged to charitable foundations and were used directly for their purposes;
• Newly built or newly built buildings up to the end of two calendar years after the calendar year in which they were habitable or usable.

Distribution of the quarters

For the mass of the troops to be accommodated in a village, the number of fireplaces (households) was calculated as a rule of thumb , in which one man each, or 4 to 5 men with so-called closer occupancy, were accommodated. Up to 50 men and over were housed on farms and estates.

The local distribution of the district service was carried out on the community or independent manor districts as a whole. The further sub-distribution was done by the community boards or the owners of the independent manor districts, who were responsible for the proper and timely performance of the district services. In the cities, the permanent management of billing matters could be entrusted to a billing commission (the so-called service deputation) formed from members of the community board and the community council.

Billing cadastre

In all localities that had to be garrisoned, the extent to which the lodging services could be demanded was determined by a cadastre, which had to contain all the buildings that could be used for lodging, specifying their capacity and which was drawn up annually by the municipal board or the lodging commission . This cadastre was publicly displayed and announced for 14 days. Objections to the cadastre had to be made by the military authorities as well as by the other interested parties within a preclusive period of 21 days after the end of disclosure in the cities to the municipal board, in all other localities to the superior municipal supervisory authority. The upper administrative authority finally decided on the objections. After that, the cadastres were finally closed and made public by the authorities responsible for their establishment.

A cadastre was not drawn up if the municipality board and the municipality council agreed to do so.

Calling up the district services

The obligation to grant the district services came into effect in the individual cases:

• in the garrison - by request of the military command authority or its agent,
• on the march, in the case of commands and temporary billeting - by means of the marching route or quartering instructions issued by the higher administrative authority.

Punish

District managers who did not meet their obligations were to be stopped by the municipality board or the superior municipal supervisory authority using administrative coercive measures. This also included the procurement of other quarters at the expense of the obligated parties. The costs for this were to be collected by the obligated party using the route prescribed for the collection of community taxes.

Compensation

The amount of the compensation was granted depending on the ranks of the housed military personnel and the so-called local tariff . The locations were divided into 6 classes (Berlin and 5 local classes), which were revised every 5 years.

The tariff-based compensation (Servis) was granted for every day of billing, excluding the day of departure, at 1/30 of the monthly amount. If the arrival and departure fell on one day, there was no compensation. For full calendar months, compensation was paid for 30 days, regardless of the number of days in the month. The compensation was paid to the local board, the payment to the individual lodging providers was then a matter for the local board.

The compensation was continued to be paid beyond the period of the actual accommodation service:

a) in the garrison:

1) for commanded, sick, arrested and leave of absence crews from the sergeant down, who returned to the quarters in the course of the next month, provided that the quarters were reserved and not otherwise used;

2) for the military personnel authorized to have their own rooms, as well as generally for all ranks in barracks-like quarters for at least 50 men during the absence of the troops for the exercises;

3) During troop exercises for horses housed in private or communal stables, provided the stables are intended for the exclusive use of the military and have not been used otherwise during the absence.

b) in the temporary accommodation:

for the quarters of the troops who have moved out of the quarters for exercise purposes, provided that no change of quarters has taken place

Claims for housing

The following rooms were not suitable as quarters:

• Districts that were generally recognized as being detrimental to health,
• houses under construction,
• damp basement apartments and
• other unsuitable or unprotected premises.

The officers 'quarters, etc., the servants' quarters as well as the boys 'and servants' quarters had to be provided in the same houses, stables within the military quarters designated for the company or squadron as close as possible to the quarters.

Rental quarters had to be located within the same military district to which the obligated lodging provider belongs.

According to the law of 1868, the military and civil servants were entitled to the following quarters, depending on their rank:

Permanent accommodation (garrison)

sergeant

Sergeant, sergeant, chief fireworker, field hunter in the mounted Feldjägerkorps, clerks and registrars at the general commands and at the general inspections of the artillery and the fortresses, clerks at the divisional and brigade commands, at the artillery and engineer inspections, at the artillery inspection commission , Wallmeister, Zeugfeldwebel, junior physicians, military pharmacists, military chaplains, staff horse and horse doctors:

a room of about 22 m² each

Ensigns

Portepeefnaires , deputy sergeants and sergeants, fireworkers, regimental, battalion and department clerks, clerks in the inspection of hunters and riflemen, fortress and pioneer inspections, train inspections, the management of the artillery and engineering school, at the war schools, Captain d'armes , quartermaster, staff hautboists , -Trompeter and -Hornisten of hunters, shooters and pioneers, gunsmith and Sattler

a room of approx. 15 to 18 m² each

NCOs

Non-commissioned officers, sergeants, chief hunters, regimental and battalion drums , chief and hospital assistants, skin boists, trumpeters and horn players, witness sergeants, under horse doctors:

a room of at least 18 m² for two people each

Soldiers (teams)

The soldiers (teams) were accommodated in sleeping chambers. These had to have plastered or tightly fitting walls and ceilings, proper planking, windows that could be opened and closed, a staircase that could be walked if necessary, be dry and protected against the effects of the weather. The occupancy of the chambers had to be carried out in such a way that at least one empty space of approx. 1 m was left between each storage area and, in addition, in the chamber a shared room for dressing and cleaning remained.

The rooms and chambers had to be heated in winter; the rooms had to be lit until 10 p.m. and the rooms until 9 p.m.

During the day, the lodging provider had to allow the stay in his own or another living room.

Equipment of the accommodations

• For each person a bed with straw, a mattress or a mattress, a pillow, a sheet and a blanket that is sufficiently warm with a cover or a duvet;
• a towel for each person;
• for each room or chamber - for four people each - a table 1.0 to 1.2 m long and 0.6 to 1 m wide with a lock, a cupboard or a concealed device for hanging up items of clothing, equipment and weapons , two chairs and two stools, in the crew quarters one stool for each person;
• the necessary washing and drinking vessel;
• Use of the cooking fire and the utensils for cooking, eating and washing.
• The straw in the storage facilities had to be replaced after two months, the towels were changed weekly, the bedclothes when changing quarters, at the latest every month, the woolen blankets cleaned as required, at least once a year.

Equipping the stables

The following requirements were placed on the stables for service horses of the garrison:

• Equipped with racks, cribs and lattier trees
  • not dark,
  • of a reasonable amount,
  • to ventilate well,
• each horse stand had to be approx. 3.5 m long and 1.5 m wide
• Have a device for hanging up the saddlery and harness in the stable
• have a room to store a three-day supply of feed
• Lighting material had to be available
• the provision and maintenance of the stable accessories had to be guaranteed. This was prescribed for 1 to 10 horses as follows:
  • a bucket,
  • a shovel,
  • a feed swing,
  • a hand lantern,
  • a pitchfork,
  • one or two brooms,
  • a feeding manger,
  • and a halter chain for each horse.
• In the case of stables of 15 horses and more, an adequate space had to be reserved for stable guarding.
• Separate stables were to be allocated for sick horses.

As a rule, the householders were left with the horse manure as compensation for the lighting material and the stable accessories.

Temporary billeting

Generals

Generals, ministers of war, general inspectors of the artillery or the fortresses, division commanders, brigade commanders, department directors in the war ministry, remonte inspectors, artillery and engineering inspectors, general managers, general staff doctors of the army, general auditors:

3 rooms and 1 servants' room

Staff officers

Colonels, regimental commanders, department heads in the War Ministry or in the General Staff , chiefs of the general staff at a general command or the general inspection of the artillery, inspectors of the hunters and riflemen, train inspectors, fortress or engineer inspectors, majors, aggregated colonels, Lieutenant colonels, battalion commanders, commanders of an artillery department or the fireworks department, district commanders, intendants of the army corps, corps doctors, corps auditors, field provosts, military chief preachers, directors councilors, senior medical officers with the rank of major:

2 rooms and 1 servants' room;

Officers

Captains or captains, company, battery and squadron chiefs, lieutenants, chief hunters in mounted field hunter corps, director assessors, chief medical officers with captaincy, medical officers, division etc. auditors, division and garrison preachers, director secretariat and registry officers , Medical assistants, paymasters, fortress secretaries and office assistants, engineering geographers and registrars at the great general staff, military court actuaries:

1 room and 1 boy or servant room;

Sergeants and ensigns

1 room for 2 people each

Soldiers (teams)

Sleeping chambers.

Equipment of the rooms

At least a clean bed, a mirror, a table and a few chairs for each room, a cupboard and washing and drinking utensils. The host had to provide heating and lighting for the transferred rooms, and the simultaneous use of the cooking fire and the eating utensils was also permitted. The equipping of the servants 'rooms, boys' and servants 'quarters for the number of servants carried was the same as that of the soldiers' quarters.

Equipping the stables

For the stables, straw, stable light, stable equipment and stable equipment only required the most necessary and customary items. The horse manure was left to the host.

Close quarters

With the law of June 21, 1887, the provisions for the so-called narrow quarters (sheltered accommodation) were defined as follows:

• The men from the sergeant downwards were only entitled to a place to store fresh straw in a shelter that protected them from the weather, and to an opportunity to store their weapons and to put down their uniforms and equipment, as well as to share existing cooking facilities. The supply of heating material or the use of the accommodation provider’s equipment was not permitted. Stable light was sufficient to illuminate the accommodation rooms until 10 o'clock in the evening.
• For the horses, only accommodation and protection against wind and weather with a device for tethering could be claimed.
• Reduced compensation was paid for this.

allocation

Form for a neighborhood ticket

The allocation of the quarters to the troops takes place by means of so-called quarter billets, which were issued by the local board. These contained the exact designation of the quarters to be occupied with the addition of the ranks and number of those to be billeted and served the troops to legitimize the individual lodging providers, to whom they were handed over in return for the granting of the quarters. The occupied quarters could be inspected at any time by the organs of the local board, the superior administrative authority and the troop commanders.

Catering

The lodging provider was obliged to provide food for those who stayed with him. Those billeted with food, the officer, doctor and civil servant as well as the soldier, had to be content as a rule with the board of the host. In the event of disputes, the billeted person had to be granted what he would be entitled to demand according to the regulations for food from the store.

The food portion that the person billeted with food had to claim, and which had to be prepared and given to him in good quality, consisted of: (1875)

a) 1000 grams of bread,

b) 250 grams of meat (weight of raw meat),

c) 120 grams of rice or

150 grams of pearl barley resp. Grits or

300 grams of legumes or

2000 grams of potatoes,

d) 25 grams of salt,

e) 15 grams of coffee (weight in burnt beans)

Except for the coffee portion, the billeted person did not have any drinks.

The division of the daily ration was determined as follows:

• Breakfast: coffee or soup,
• Lunch: meat and vegetables,
• Dinner: vegetables.
• The bread portion had to be distributed evenly over the meals.

Lining

The following feed rations had to be provided for each day of the march and rest day for the military horses and draft animals brought by the billeted: (1875)

• approx. 5 kg of oats
• 1.5 kg of hay
• 1.75 kg of straw

Opening credits

To position the leader, d. H. All owners of wagons and draft animals were obliged to carry carts, teams and team drivers. Carriers and landlords of animals and wagons were primarily to be used for the pre-tensioning service.

Were exempt:

1.Members of the German ruling families, regarding the wagons and horses intended for their court,

2. the ambassadors and the delegation staff of foreign powers,

3. State and private studs, as well as the military administrations with regard to their breeding animals and replacement and training horses,

4. Officers, civil servants in the imperial, state or communal service, as well as pastors, doctors and veterinarians with regard to the horses necessary for the exercise of their service or profession,

5. the post office keepers with regard to those horses that they had to keep for the carriage of the post in accordance with the contract.

The provision of opening credits could only be demanded for those parts of the armed power that were on marches, in camps or in quarters, and only insofar as the need could not be ensured in time by way of the contract at local prices by the military directorate.

As a rule, the opening credits should not be used for more than a day; Longer use was only permitted in the most urgent cases.

The position of the opening credits was imposed on the communities, which then had to organize it in their area of ​​responsibility. The military had z. B. Entitlement to the following preload services

a) for garrison changes:

• In addition, horses are harnessed for the field-like covering of their vehicles
• a two-horse wagon for each battalion or division,
• as well as two two-horse wagons for each cavalry regiment to carry the harness, luggage, etc.

b) For all other marches by closed units:

• A division command had to use a two-horse wagon when they were absent from the garrison for two to seven days, and two two-horse wagons when they were absent for a longer period.
• The other command authorities, regardless of the length of their absence from the garrison: a two-horse wagon each.
• The regimental staffs too: a two-horse wagon.
• Closed departments as well:
  • three two-horse wagons in the strength of 5 squadrons;
  • in the strength of 3 to 4 companies, squadrons or batteries, two two-horse wagons;
  • one to two companies, squadrons or batteries, a two-horse wagon.

c) For commands and transports:

• With a strength of less than 90 men, the command etc., provided it was under the command of an officer, had to use a one-horse cart to transport the luggage.
• With a strength of 90 up to 300 men:
  • a two-horse wagon and
• with a strength of 300 to 600 men:
  • two two-horse wagons.

d) For the transport of food and accommodation during exercises and other formations:

• The number of wagons to be used was partly determined by the total weight of the objects to be transported, and partly by the nature of the distances to be covered and the load capacity of the wagons. When assessing the load-bearing capacity, the customary local characteristics of the teams had to be taken into account. The minimum weight of the load was assumed for:
  • a one-horse wagon: 10 quintals,
  • a two-horse wagon: 15 quintals,
  • a four-horse wagon: 30 quintals.

e) For special circumstances:

• The general commandos had to provide three two-horse wagons for the marches that occurred as a result of changing quarters.
• A one-horse wagon for onward transport stood for those who were not mounted
  • Regimental, battalion and department doctors, and
  • Officers, paymasters and their deputies too.
• A single-horse wagon was also to be provided for every 2 sick military personnel. A two-horse wagon was available for 3 to 5 sick people. If the condition of the sick permitted, the individual wagons could, insofar as it was permissible without overloading them, be manned by a larger number of people.

The owners had to pay full compensation for loss, damage and extraordinary wear and tear.

Watercraft

Watercraft 1906

All owners of such vehicles were obliged to provide watercraft for the Imperial Navy . The same could only be required:

• for troop transports on and off board outside the war ports ,
• for equipping ships with provisions, inventory, coal and other material of all kinds in places where the Navy did not have a provision, inventory or coal depot,
• only insofar as the Imperial Navy’s own vehicles were not sufficient for the intended purposes and the necessary vehicles could not be secured against appropriate remuneration by way of the contract.

The owners of public ferries and other public transport companies were exempt from this obligation with regard to those vehicles which they have to keep for public use by order of the competent authorities or on the basis of concluded contracts.

For the position of the vehicles the mediation of the responsible port police had to be taken.

The owner was to be granted full compensation for loss, damage and extraordinary wear and tear on the vehicle including accessories, which arose as a result of or occasionally the required service through no fault of the owner or the shipper provided by him.

Land, wells, drinking troughs, forging

The owners of land had to tolerate their use for military exercises. If such use was imminent, the local councils had to be informed so that the areas to be protected could be equipped with warning signs without this establishing an obligation to protect them.

The following properties were barred from military exercises by law:

• Building,
• Farm and courtyard rooms,
• Gardens,
• Parks,
• Wood protection,
• Dune plantings,
• Hop gardens,
• Vineyards,
• Test fields of agricultural and forestry educational institutions and test stations.

No compensation was granted for the use of the property, but for the damage to the land. If no agreement was reached on the amount of compensation, this was determined by special commissions.

Forge around 1900

The owners of wells and drinking troughs were obliged to allow marching, bivouacking, temporary quarters and exercising troops to share the use of the fountains and drinking troughs, even if the public watering facilities were not sufficient for the needs of the troops Utility rooms and courtyards had to be entered. The owners of blacksmiths were also obliged to allow these troops to share the blacksmiths for a reasonable fee.

Railways

Each railway administration was obliged to carry out the transport of armed forces and the material of the land army and the navy against payment in accordance with a general tariff issued by the Federal Council and revised from time to time.

This obligation was regulated by the Peace Transport Regulations, first issued in 1888 .

See also

• Billeting

Web links

Wikisource: Military topic page  - Sources and full texts

Individual evidence

1. ↑ Law on accommodation for the armed power during the state of peace, of June 25, 1868 (Federal Law Gazette of the North German Federal 1868, p. 523 ff.), §. 2 on Wikisource
2. ↑ Law on accommodation for the armed power during the state of peace, of June 25, 1868 (Federal Law Gazette of the North German Federal 1868, p. 523 ff.), §. 4 on Wikisource
3. ↑ Brockhaus Konversations-Lexikon , 14th edition, Leipzig 1908. Volume 12, page 670
4. ↑ Law on accommodation for the armed power during the state of peace, of June 25, 1868 (Federal Law Gazette of the North German Federal 1868, p. 523 ff.), §. 5 on Wikisource
5. ↑ Law on accommodation for the armed power during the state of peace, of June 25, 1868 (Federal Law Gazette of the North German Federal 1868, p. 523 ff.), §. 6 on Wikisource
6. ↑ Law on accommodation for the armed power during the state of peace, of June 25, 1868 (Federal Law Gazette of the North German Federal 1868, p. 523 ff.), §. 8 on Wikisource
7. ↑ Law on accommodation for the armed power during the state of peace, of June 25, 1868 (Federal Law Gazette of the North German Federal 1868, p. 523 ff.), §. 11 on Wikisource
8. ↑ Law on accommodation for the armed power during the state of peace, of June 25, 1868 (Federal Law Gazette of the North German Federal 1868, p. 523 ff.), §. 16 on Wikisource
9. ↑ Law on accommodation for the armed power during the state of peace, dated June 25, 1868 (Federal Law Gazette of the North German Federal 1868, p. 523 ff.), Appendix A, B on Wikisource
10. ^ Decree concerning the Instruction on Benefits in Kind for the Armed Power in Peace. From September 2, 1875. (RGBl. 1875, p. 266 ff.), Point 2. on Wikisource
11. ^ Decree concerning the Instruction on Benefits in Kind for the Armed Power in Peace. From September 2, 1875 (RGBl. 1875, p. 266 ff.), Point 3. on Wikisource
12. ^ Decree concerning the Instruction on Benefits in Kind for the Armed Power in Peace. From September 2, 1875 (RGBl. 1875, p. 266 ff.), Section I. on Wikisource
13. ^ Decree concerning the Instruction on Benefits in Kind for the Armed Power in Peace. From September 2, 1875 (RGBl. 1875, p. 266 ff.), Section II. On Wikisource
14. ^ Decree concerning the Instruction on Benefits in Kind for the Armed Power in Peace. From September 2, 1875 (RGBl. 1875, p. 266 ff.), Section III. on Wikisource
15. ^ Decree concerning the Instruction on Benefits in Kind for the Armed Power in Peace. From September 2, 1875 (RGBl. 1875, p. 266 ff.), Section IV. On Wikisource
16. ^ Ordinance regarding the Military Transport Regulations for Railways in Peace (Peace Transport Regulations) on Wikisource