Frisian lessons in Germany
Frisian lessons in Germany are Frisian language lessons that are offered at different levels in different types of schools in the district of North Friesland as well as on the island of Helgoland ( district of Pinneberg ) in Schleswig-Holstein and in the municipality of Saterland ( district of Cloppenburg ) in Lower Saxony . The Frisian is spoken by about 8,000 to 10,000 people, the Saterfrisian of no more than 2500 people.
history
In the schools of the Frisian-speaking regions in Germany, Frisian had always had a low status. From the beginning with the introduction of compulsory schooling in Germany in the 19th century , the standard German language had a dominant position in teaching. Previously, Low German was mainly used, which was then increasingly replaced by the standard language. Frisian was used as the teaching language in the lower levels.
Also in to 1864 to Denmark belonging Duchy Schleswig Nordfriesische has not been taken as a general teaching language; For example, the Frisian-speaking areas on Schleswig's west coast continued to be included in the area with exclusively German school and church language as a result of the Regenburg language rescripts of 1851. Considerations to set up a region with North Frisian school and church language in addition to the regions with German, Danish and mixed school and church language on the west coast of Schleswig were rejected, with reference to the fact that North Frisian was not considered sufficiently written at the time.
It was not until the beginning of the 20th century that Frisian lessons began to be given in some schools. It was extremely difficult due to a lack of teaching staff and materials, and the Frisian population's demand for Frisian lessons was also limited. For the first time in 1909 Frisian lessons were given on the island of Sylt with official approval. In other schools, Frisian was treated to varying degrees in the context of local studies, religion, music or German lessons.
Frisian experienced a certain boom in Schleswig-Holstein during the Weimar Republic . For the first time, Frisian lessons were introduced in several schools. In 1926, students received Frisian lessons at 17 educational institutions. This was often ensured with so-called hiking instructors . Even under National Socialism , the Frisians in Germany were allowed to use their language in lessons to a limited extent. Only in the turmoil towards the end of the war from 1944 onwards did Frisian lessons actually cease to exist.
After the Second World War there were teething problems to at least get back to the old level. In contrast to the Danish school system in Schleswig-Holstein, Frisian was promoted far less, as there was also a lack of a mother nation that could have provided financial and moral support. It was not until the 1970s that Frisian was increasingly taught again, and the further education and training of Frisian teachers was intensified, so that by 1990 Frisian lessons were given at several schools. In the 1986/87 school year, for example, a little more than 1,000 pupils attended classes. It was given by 20 teachers at a total of 27 schools on the mainland and on the North Frisian Islands .
Situation in North Frisia from 1990/91
| year | number of students |
|---|---|
| 1990/91 | 1000 |
| 1999/00 | 1261 |
| 2002/03 | 1473 |
| 2005/06 | 1455 |
| 2006/07 | 1231 |
| 2009/10 | 902 |
| 2010/11 | 863 |
| 2011/12 | 934 |
| 2012/13 | 802 |
| 2013/14 | 878 |
| 2014/15 | 911 |
| 2015/16 | 979 |
| 2016/17 | 834 |
| 2017/18 | ? |
| 2018/19 | 760 |
In the 2016/17 school year, a total of 834 school children learned Frisian at 20 schools. It is usually ensured in the primary schools in the language area that Frisian lessons are offered. It is only possible to continue Frisian lessons in working groups at lower secondary level and in courses at upper secondary level . At the grammar school level, Frisian is only taught in Wyk auf Föhr . There, in 2012, two female students passed an oral Frisian test for the Abitur for the first time. Since the 1990s, attempts have also been made to use Frisian more intensively in kindergartens. All day long in North Frisian, however , around 20 children are looked after at only one kindergarten - in Keitum on Sylt. At the universities in Flensburg and Kiel , Frisian teachers are trained as part of specializations, supplementary subjects or certificate courses. Several schools that offer Frisian lessons have given themselves a Frisian name, such as the Eilun Feer Skuul on Föhr, the Öömrang Skuul on Amrum and the Danish-Frisian Risum Skole / Risem Schölj in Risum-Lindholm .
Today's situation in Saterland
Similar to the schools in North Frisia, Sater Frisian did not find its way into educational institutions. For many years, Sater Frisian has been offered as a study group or as an elective. Since 2012, children in the Strücklingen primary school have also been taught some subjects in Sater Frisian. In total, around 300 children are currently participating in the various Sater Frisian lessons.
See also
literature
- Edmund Pech: One State - One Language? Domowina-Verlag, Bautzen 2012, ISBN 978-3-7420-2231-8 .
- Thomas Steensen : Frisian school lessons in North Friesland in the 20th and 21st centuries. In: Nordfriesisches Jahrbuch 38 (2002), pp. 77–119, ISSN 0078-1045.
Web links
- Report about Sater Frisian on NDR
- Report about Sater Frisian in the school NWZ
- Minority report of the Nordfriesland district 2011 (with a section on Frisian lessons in the district area; PDF; 4.9 MB)
Individual evidence
- ^ Progrescript from 1851 (Regenburgske). Grænseforeningen, accessed July 8, 2013 .
- ^ Sigfred Andresen: Ejder, Trene, Sli , 1975, p. 45
- ↑ Leif Ingvorsen: Fortaellinger af Sønderjyllands history , Gyldendal 1967, p 62
- ↑ http://www.friesenrat.de/frl/11.html
- ↑ Abitur on Frisian taz.de from April 15, 2013, accessed on July 4, 2013
- ^ For the first time Frisian as an Abitur subject shz.de , accessed on July 4, 2013